Alexis left the court of Philip probably

Alexis left the court of Philip probably at the same time as the messengers for Zara, but appears to have diverged in order to visit his uncle Emeric, King of Hungary. In the middle of December Boniface had arrived at Zara. Boniface If the account of Robert de Olari is to be trusted, reaches Zara. something like a comedy was arranged between him and Dandolo. The latter saw that the pilgrims were uneasy. The leaders were aware that they had not provisions enough for an expedition to Egypt or to Syria, and they had given out that even if they had they could do nothing when they reached either of these two countries.

Dandolo, therefore, said to them : “ Sirs, in Greece there is a bountiful supply of all things. If we can find a reasonable occasion to go there and to take provisions and other things, then we can easily manage to go Outremer? Then uprose Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, and explained that at Christmas time he had been in Germany at the court of Philip, where he had seen young Alexis, whose father had been treacherously driven from his throne. “ Whoever,” said Boniface, “ has this young man can go into the land of Constantinople and take provisions and what is needed.” Hence, according to Robert, the messengers were sent to Alexis in order that by inducing him to come the Crusaders might have home acoison, rasnauvle ocaision, to go to Constantinople.

On New Year’s Day, 1203, the messengers returned from Philip, accompanied by those whom that king had sent. Henceforward it was impossible to keep the object of their mission secret.

Substitute the leaders

The organization of the Crusaders for the purpose of taking a decision was not unlike that which prevailed throughout most European states. Substitute the leaders and the great barons for the king, the lesser barons of the army and the knights for the lords, and the whole army for the commons, and the parallel will be complete. The leaders took the initiative. Then the parliament of lesser barons and knights had the proposition submitted to them, and lastly the commons of the army had to give their approval. The leaders had been consulted at Venice, and had accepted in principle the proposal to aid Alexis in return for his subsequently assisting the army. At Zara the proposition in a definite shape had to be submitted to the parliament of lesser barons and knights.

Villehardouin’s irritation at the suggestion

On that side the current is always much too strong to allow vessels to be anchored with any amount of steadiness, or even safety. Villehardouin’s irritation at the suggestion shows how bitter the opposition still continued. There were some present, he says, who would have been very well content that the current or a wind—no matter what—should have dispersed the vessels, provided that they themselves could have left the country and have gone on their way.

It was at length decided that the two following days, the 10th and 11th, should be devoted to repairing their snit decided damages, and that a second assault should be delivered on the 12th. The previous day was a Sunday, and Boniface and Dandolo made use of it to appease the discontent in the rank and file of the army. Once more, as at Corfu and before the first attack upon the city, the bishops and abbots were set to work to preach against the Greeks. They urged that the war was just, because Mourtzouphlos was a traitor and a murderer, a man more disloyal than Judas; that the Greeks had been disobedient to Home, and had perversely been guilty of schism in refusing to recognize the supremacy of the Pope, and that Innocent himself desired the union of the two churches.

They saw in the defeat the vengeance of God on account of the sins of the Crusaders. The loose women were ordered out of the camp, and for better security were shipped and sent far away. Confession and communion were enjoined, and, in short, all that the clergy could do was done to prove that the cause was just, to quiet the discontented, and to occupy them until the attack next day.

Industriously repairing

The warriors had in the meantime been industriously repairing their ships and their machines of war. A slight, but not unimportant, change of tactics had been suggested by the assault on the 9th. Each transport had been assigned to a separate tower. The number of men who could fight from the gangways or platforms thrown out from the tops had been found insufficient to hold their own against the defenders.

Young Alexis son of Isaac

The besieged in 1203 knew that the son of Isaac, the young Alexis, had persuaded the Venetians and a body of Latins, through the in-fluence of his sister’s husband, Philip, to assist him to regain possession of the empire, and that he and his friends were now outside the city walls. The Latins did not wish to capture the city. Even if they did, stronger armies than this had tried to do so and had failed. If the invader won there would be a new emperor—that was all. Indeed, why should the citizens care ? They had no love for the reigning sovereign nor he for them. When he heard that young Alexis was coming with a band of Venetian pirates, he made no preparations for resistance.

Nicetas

He was a mere idle lover of luxury, an Eastern Charles the Second, who thought only of the ills of to-day ; an essentially weak man, too sentimental to be a successful ruler. He shrank from inflicting the cruelty of ordinary punishments, and still more from that which was necessary to make him a strong despot. Though he had not hesitated to depose his brother, he was either conscience- stricken or pretended to be so, and continually upbraided himself. The eunuchs, says Nicetas, who guarded the royal forests with as much care as the Destroying Angel guarded Paradise, threatened to kill any one who ventured to cut timber for the construction of vessels.

The emperor’s brother- in-law had sold all the navy stores. Those who thus robbed the public seemed rather thereby to gain in the estimation of their sovereign. The emperor appeared more amused than frightened with the preparations of which he heard, and it was only after lie learned of the proclamation of his nephew which had been made at Corfu and this he could only have learned a few days before the arrival of the expedition in the Bosphorus that lie concerned himself with the means of defence. But even then the voluptuary and the drunkard could not set himself wTith sufficient energy to meet the danger.

Business to fight Christian princes

The leaders of the first great crusade had declared under the walls of ancient Kicaea that it was no part of their business to fight Christian princes, that their work was to fight the infidel, and they had readily given that city into the hands of Alexis. The enthusiasts of the fourth crusade, who had left their homes in order to fight against Christ’s enemies, had no heart for the new undertaking; and though they did not know all the adventures it would lead them into, we can see from Villehardouin himself that they would have preferred to return home rather than violate their vow.

On the 22d of July,2 Cardinal Peter Capuano, the pope’s Arrival of ^eSa^e5 drived in Venice from Koine. Bishop Conrad, and probably others, required that the propositions of Dandolo should be referred to him. He at first protested against the proposal,1 because, as Gunther says, he thought the attack upon Zara “a lesser evil than the abandonment of the crusade, the vow of the Cross unfulfilled, and the return home with ignominy and sin.”2 Cardinal Peter sent away all the sick, the useless hangers-on, and the women.

Time daily increasing

The dissatisfaction among the Crusaders was at that time daily increasing. Some were for abandoning the expedition altogether. Many poor men who had brought but little with them, and had nothing left for the journey, quitted the army and went home. ‘‘Certain powerful and rich men, not influenced by poverty,” says Gunther, “so much as frightened by the horror of committing such a crime (as attacking a Christian city belonging to a crusading king), hesitated and, much against their will, turned back.” Some of these went to Rome in order that they might be absolved from their vow or have its execution postponed. Others wished to leave Venice in order that they might embark for Alexandria or Syria from other ports.

Commenced by Severus successive emperors

The materials of which the portion set apart for the spectators was formed have been taken away to be used in the construction of neighboring mosques and buildings. In 1201, however, the hippodrome was probably but little changed from what it had been for several centuries. Commenced by Severus, successive emperors had added to it and adorned it. There were then in it the famous bronze horses which now adorn the Church of St. Mark in Venice, an obelisk of Egyptian syenite still standing in the centre, and which we learn from an inscription upon the base had been set up again by the Emperor Theodosius after it had lain a considerable time on the ground.

Near to this obelisk stood a pyramid, which marked the goal of the chariot races. Probably on the other side of the obelisk stood the famous column of the Three Serpents, a monument which had been an ancient relic when it was brought to Constantinople. It dated back to the time of the Persian invasion of Greece, and had served at Delphi to support the golden tripod which the Greeks found in the enemy’s camp after the battle of Plataea, and which they had dedicated to Apollo. Seen in position at Delphi by Ilerodotus and Thucydides, it had been placed in the hippodrome by Constantine, and was probably looked on by the Byzantine spectators with similar awe to that with which the Turks have always regarded it—an awe which has probably been the main cause of its preservation.

Manuel Comnenos

Near the hippodrome, to the west, was the noble column of porphyry, which still stands as the Burnt Column, but which, in 1200, had been recently restored, according to the still legible inscription, by the most pious emperor, Manuel Comnenos.

In other parts of the city were other columns, while statues, some of which were of the best period of Greek art, were probably more numerous than in any city now existing. Beyond the hippodrome the traveller would have met on every hand solid constructions which bore witness to the wealth of the city Visit Bulgaria. The northeastern corner, now known as Seraglio Point, was one mass of churches, baths, and palaces. Behind it, and near the Church of the Divine Wisdom, rose, besides the buildings already mentioned, the great palace of the Senate, and some of the most famous of what are now called Turkish baths.

On the farther slope, towards the Marmora, were the beautiful church built by Justinian, and called now Little Hagia Sophia, the palace of the patriarch, called the Tricline, on account of the three flights of stairs by which it was approached, and other buildings. To the west of these buildings were the law courts, the palaces of the nobility, with other columns and statues. The remains of the baths and of some of these palaces still bear witness to the solidity of their construction, and the stateliness, and especially to what I may call the modernness, of their design.

The shore of the Golden Horn from Seraglio Point, throughout half its distance, was occupied by foreign and native merchants, whose vast stores were crowded with merchandise.

The retrain point where the wall turned southwards to form the landward defence of the city, was occupied by monasteries and by churches, which appear to have been enclosed by a wall, while the enclosure was known as the Petrion.

Constantinople was conspicuous

There was yet another species of wealth than those furnislied by commerce and the other sources I have recur. named, which cannot be passed over. Constantinople was conspicuous in the eyes of the Crusaders more for its treasure in relics than in works of art. The men of the West were too ignorant to understand the work of Phidias or of Lysippus.

But they were connoisseurs in relics. During many years the churches of the West had been striving with each other to obtain possession of these Christian mementoes. When, at rare intervals, a traveller had returned from the East who had obtained possession of such an object, lie was regarded as a benefactor of the Church. The relic was received by the community to which it was destined with solemn procession and religious services. In many instances the possession of a relic made the fortune of the church or monastery where it was contained. The search after relics became almost a craze, like that after new varieties of tulips or old china. Constantinople was the greatest storehouse— perhaps I may say manufactory—of such relics.

Magnanimous concessions made by far-sighted sultans of Turkey

Still less is it a system, as it is often said to be, of magnanimous concessions made by far-sighted sultans of Turkey in order to encourage foreigners to trade with and reside in the empire. The capitulations were neither badges of inferiority imposed on foreigners, as they have often been described, nor proofs of exceptional wisdom peculiar to the sultans. As a fact, foreigners have never held so important a position in the capital under Ottoman rule as under that of the Christian emperors, and especially at the close of the twelfth century. AVhile the native population has probably remained stationary during the last six centuries, the foreign population was probably never so large as at that period.

I now propose to point out what were the principal colonies of foreigners which existed in Constantinople, and in other of the important cities of the empire, at the time immediately preceding the Latin conquest.

The Warings.

Among the foreigners who had been longest established in Constantinople in 1201: were the Warings, or Varangians.

They were kinsmen of our own, and on this account latcdto Eug- may be allowed a fuller description than the immediate object in hand would justify. Tacitus speaks of “Angli et Varini,”1 the English and the Warings. Loth were, in his time, the inhabitants of the country south of the Baltic, or, as it came to be called at a later period, the Waring Sea. When the great movement began which caused the English to emigrate to Britain, some of the Warings took part in it. With them also were others whom Bede speaks of as Rugians or Russians.

Warwick or Waeringwick

At a later period the name Waring and Russian appears to have been applied indifferently to the same people, the truth possibly being, as the Russian monk Nestor says, that some of the Warings were called Russians. Many traces of Waring emigration into England exist, of which the names of Warwick or Waeringwick, Warn- ford, and Warington are examples. The record of their history shows them to be closely akin to the English, though whether through the Teutonic or the Norse element of our people may be open to doubt. Their appearance was like that of Englishmen or Danes. Their language was virtually the same. Their exploits at sea, their legends, their habits, their very names, all convey the irresistible impression that we are reading of the kinsmen of our ancestors.

The shock to the Christians of the West was severe.

The shock to the Christians of the West was severe. The alliance was treason to the cause of Christianity. If we assume that the sole cause in dispute between the northern and the seceding states of America was that of slavery, that the Xorth fought with the sole object of setting the slaves free, and that England had made an alliance with the South, we may judge what the feelings of the French Crusaders were from what the feelings of every honest and righteous man would have been in our times.

A council was held in the French camp. Indignation was loudly expressed, and the Bishop of Langresi proposed that before attempting the deliverance of Christ’s sepulchre they should punish Christ’s enemies in Constantinople. Better counsels prevailed. All the invective, the indignation, and the eloquence of the bishop and his party were in vain. The French nobles declared that they7 had taken the cross to fight against infidels and to defend Jerusalem. It was not their business to punish heretics or destroy Christian cities.

Army crossed the Bosphorus

The army crossed the Bosphorus and pushed forward towards the Turkish dominions in Asia Minor. But fever, the necessity of finding forage, and the difficulty of making progress over a country where the roads had been destroyed, greatly reduced the numbers of the army. Many of the sick had to be abandoned. Louis embarked with the bulk of his army at Adalia for Antioch. Seven thousand men were left behind. These attempted to force their way along the coast to Antioch, but with disastrous results. Most of them perished in the attempt, though a few saved their lives by embracing Mahometanism.

The attempt upon Damascus under the combined efforts of Failure of Louis, Conrad, and Baldwin of Jerusalem complete bunted to he failed. Much had been expected of this crusade; empire. preparations had been made on a gigantic scale by both the nations of the West; and when at length the tidings reached Europe of terrible disasters and general failure men’s hearts sank within them. In the West fault was largely attributed to the schismatic Christians of the East. They had betrayed Christ; they had assisted his enemies; they had united themselves now with the Turks and now with the Saracens in order to defeat the cause of the Cross. The disorder, the jealousies among the Western soldiers, the want of discipline, were for a while forgotten.

The settlement of the Greeks and Albanians

They were all occasionally spoken of by the Byzantine writers as descendants of the Romans. As the districts which they usually occupied were the mountains or least accessible of the plains, there is reason to believe that they were the descend ants of a people which had been settled in the peninsula sub-sequent only to that which had seen the settlement of the Greeks and Albanians. They were possibly an offshoot of that division of the Aryan race which passed across into Italy, and to which the Romans belonged. What is certain is that they had settled in the Balkan peninsula before the entry of most of the various other peoples I have mentioned, and that they had eome under Roman influence. In any case, their numbers to the north of the Danube had been added to by the descendants of the Roman colonists who had settled in Dacia.

Whoever the Wallachians were, they contributed not a lithe tie to the weakening of the empire, and especially the empire, during the last years of the twelfth century, when all sorts of troubles were crowding thick upon it. In 1186, Isaac attacked them in the Balkans. They were aided by the Bulgarians.

Patchinaks and returned to meet the imperial troops

The troops of the emperor succeeded in driving them across the Danube. Then and there they sought the aid of the Patchinaks and returned to meet the imperial troops. Cantacuzenos, the general acting for Isaac, was defeated. His successor, Branas, was more fortunate, but, after harassing the rebels, he himself revolted against his sovereign and marched towards the capital. Thereupon the Wallachs, Patchinaks, and Bulgarians made a destructive raid, in 1189, upon Thrace, where for a considerable time they held their own against the imperial troops.

In 1193 they ravaged Thrace, and the imperial troops were beaten. The war continued without interruption during the next two years, during which the Emperor Isaac left Constantinople to take the field himself against them. In 1196, while the new emperor, Alexis the Third, was chasing a pretender to the throne, the imperial troops were decisively beaten and their general captured. The Wallachs and Bulgarians advanced as far as Rodosto, where, after they had pillaged all the country round, they were met by the imperial

troops and defeated.

Latin conquest of Constantinople

No historical subject has attracted more attention in France and Germany during the last twenty years than the Latin conquest of Constantinople. No other historical question has had devoted to it during the same period the labors of an equal number of illustrious historical students. A literary controversy has been waged, and is still waging, about several of the important questions which have arisen in connection with the subject.

Chronography of Byzantine History

The larger question of the history of Constantinople and of the Eastern Empire in the Middle Ages has likewise, during the last quarter of a century, occupied the attention of a considerable number of Continental scholars, whose labors have added much to our stock of knowledge on the subject. Among the most important of their contributions a few may be here noticed. Muralt’s “ Chronography of Byzantine History,” between 1057 and 1453, is an immense aid to all students of the period treated of. It is hardly possible to mention any statement respecting any event, however trifling, within the period dealt with, for which all the authorities are not cited. Heyd’s “History of Trade in the Levant during the Middle A”es”is also a monument of careful research.

Ilurter, though belonging to a somewhat earlier period, has given a singularly vivid and impartial sketch of the dealings of Innocent the Third with the Eastern Empire, perhaps the more remarkable that he was himself a Protestant pastor.

The labors of Charles Hopf and of Tafel and Thomas have thrown light on much which was obscure in the dealings of Venice with the Xew Rome. Krause’s examination of Byzantine manners, customs bulgaria private tours, court and domestic history, gives a useful and interesting account of the social life of Constantinople. The valuable histories of Finlay were written before most of the works to which I allude in this preface appeared, but still show considerable insight into Byzantine history. On the influence of the Saracens and the Turks invaluable suggestions are found in Professor Freeman’s “ History and Conquest of the Saracens,” his “ History of the Ottoman Power in Europe,” and in his “ Historical Essays.”

The labors of a considerable number of other writers to whom I allude have been mainly occupied in elucidating the story of the Fourth Crusade, to which the second part of this volume is exclusively devoted. Contemporary authors have been carefully edited. The great work of Hicetas and those of other Greek authors have been diligently compared with the narratives of Villehardouin and others belonging to the West. Forgotten manuscripts have been brought to light. Incidental references in charters, bulls, and other documents have been carefully collected to control, confirm, or condemn the statements in the usually accepted narratives of this pop tion of my subject.

I am indebted for many valuable suggestions to Klimke’s essay on the “ Sources of the History of the Fourth Crusade,” to Krause’s History, and to Dr. Mordtmann’s history of the two captures of Constantinople. The latter work, as well as the “ Meletai ” of Dr. Paspati, are especially useful for the topography of Constantinople during the Middle Ages. Dr. Paspati and Dr. Mordtmann, the son of the author of the work just quoted, the Dev. Canon Curtis, and a number of archaeologists in Constantinople, have worked very successfully at the topography of the city, and by means of the excellent Greek Syllogos have brought to light much interesting information on the subject, and have especially produced a map of the ancient walls, embodying all the recent discoveries, which is extremely valuable.

Historia Constantinopolitana

Most of the writers I have named have occupied themselves more or less with the conduct of Yenice. This is a subject of controversy as old as the crusade itself. A contemporary of the Fourth Crusade, a Franco-Syrian named Ernouil, was the first to charge Yenice with treason to Christendom. Other contemporary authors are quoted in the following pages who took, speaking generally, the same side.

Gunther, a Cistercian monk belonging to Pairis in Alsace, and who died about 1210, has given us in his “ Historia Constantinopolitana ” many facts which are not to be found elsewhere, and was one of the few contemporaries of the crusade who appears to have understood that there was an understanding between the Sultan of Cairo and Yenice. Light has been thrown on the question by the “ Devastatio Constantinopolitana,” the discovery of which is due to recent research.

Sermons were published in a volume

Conscious that his work of preaching the Gospel with his lips was drawing near its close, and desiring still to speak in his own familiar terms to those for whose salvation he had spent nearly all his life, Dr. Goodell, during his last year at Constantinople, prepared for the press forty-eight of the sermons in Turkish which he had preached to the people; in order, as he said, “ that they may the more readily ‘ remember the words that I space unto them while I was yet with them.’ ” These sermons were published in a volume, accompanied by a farewell letter to the Protestant churches in the Turkish empire. The sermons were soon scattered abroad, and being written not only in the language but in the idiom of the people, they were read and heard with great eagerness.

A portion of them were translated into the Bulgarian language, and were read over and over again by the Bulgarians in the northern part of the empire. They were afterward translated into Armenian by the wife of the native pastor at Kharpoot, in Eastern Turkey, and by the liberality of a few Christian friends in this country the volume was stereotyped, published by the American Tract Society, and one edition after another speedily exhausted. They are still preaching the Gospel of Christ in different languages, in various parts of Turkey.

The following is the letter to the evangelical churches in Turkey. Even in its English dress it will be read with an interest akin to that excited by the last words of Paul the aged to the elders of the church of Ephesus, as he met them at Miletus, on his last journey to Jerusalem: —

TO THE EVANGELICAL CHURCHES IN TURKEY.

DEAR BRETHREN AND SISTERS IN THE LORD, — It is more than forty years since I left my native country and came to Turkey, and about one-third of a century since I made Constantinople my home. I am now old, and I know not the day of my death. I am also feeble, and cannot reasonably expect to continue long. All my powers of body and mind are failing, and I am going to the house appointed for all living. For all your kindness to me and mine since the first day I came among you, you have my sincere thanks. And you have also my fervent prayers for your temporal and eternal well-being.

Pure and thrilling a delight in visiting the Holy City

In his living he was frugal, in all his expenses strictly economical, and in his accounts very exact. The money he lived on was the Lord’s; he had no right to any of it but what was necessary to do the Lord’s work. On leaving home he was expecting to be stationed at Jerusalem; he arrived in Syria, and was there stopped on his way; he was disappointed; his soul would have felt as pure and thrilling a delight in visiting the Holy City as other men who go thousands of miles to visit it. A very few dollars would have enabled him to go there, and yet he lived five years in Syria and never went. He did not dare, he said, for his own pleasure, to spend so much of the Lord’s money. The Treasurer’s books will probably show that, at least during his residence in Syria, he never received for his own use the whole amount of his small nominal salary.

Dr. Goodell was celebrated for his promptness and punctuality. His domestic cares had their appointed hours, and, unless from some special preventive, were attended to in their time. He retired and rose early. His seasons of devotion had their appropriate place, and any material delay in his meals not only annoyed him as a violation of order, but sometimes unfitted him physically for his duties. At no business appointment had his friends to wait for him. He interrupted no worshipping assembly by a tardy entrance. His debts were paid; his reports to the Board, were uniformly ready, when due.

Very uniform

In his public performances, as well as in his general style of” writing, he was a pattern of simplicity. His language was chaste, his words common and well chosen, his sentences short, his aim evidently being first of all to be understood. In speaking, his utterance was very uniform, but prevented from being tediously monotonous by the frequent emphatic force with which he brought out many of his short phrases. He had in his delivery no excessive emotion, no transports of enthusiasm, but an appearance of sober, undoubted conviction of the truth of what he uttered, and the presumption that the truth would force its own way to the heart, without power of voice, or vehemence of gesture.

Turkish government against religious liberty

“The influence, then, which was, and which still is exerted upon the Turkish government against religious liberty is more powerful than can well be expressed. But, blessed be God! there is now another influence, the pressure of which they begin to feel, and we most devoutly pray that they may teel it more and more.

Whatever influence the representatives of England and of other Protestant governments have exerted upon the Turkish government in favor of Protestantism, has been mainly in opposition to other mighty influences of a most adverse character. Whoever has read the ‘ Missionary Herald ’ for the last forty years must have seen that in perhaps ninety-nine cases out of a hundred our persecutions have come not from the Turks, but from these corrupt churches, — the Turks never of themselves showing a disposition to molest us, and being drawn in to side with our persecutors only when under this terrible outside pressure to which we have alluded.

Other European powers

“ Bat it will be asked, Did not the other European powers unite with England in procuring the Ilatti Ilumayoun? We answer, yes; at any rate, they assented to it; some of them perhaps not really expecting it would ever go into effect, or, at any rate, be of universal application; for, in point of fact, it is more or less opposed to the very principles and practices of their governments at home. And by the persecuting churches here, that part of its provisions which relates to liberty of conscience is regarded as any thing rather than a blessing, for it is really an infringement of their liberty to ‘ bite and devour one another.’

Liberty of worship in their own churches, and according to their own forms, they already had to perfection, and ‘ they needed no more,’ as an intelligent Greek gentleman once said to me. ‘ What,’ said he, in speaking of this document, in reference to liberty of conscience, ‘ what is the use of this Ilatti Ilumayoun? We had before just as much liberty as we wanted.’ And so they had; but, blessed be God! this llatti Sherif prevents them from abridging the liberty of others. Thus the carrying out of the principle involved in this feature of it strikes tenor into all these wicked churches; and it is this which has awakened the wrath of a near neighbor of ours (Russia) almost to frenzy, she calling it ‘persecution.’

Andover Theological Seminary

To the Society of Inquiry in Andover Theological Seminary he addressed a letter on the great want of laborers in the mission field, which exhibits his absorbing interest in the cause and his earnest desire to secure re-enforcements to carry on the work more vigorously: —

“ During my late visit to the good land which the Lord God hath given us to inherit, I travelled very extensively; but though I was greatly importuned by many to remain there, and though far stronger ties bound me there than those I was called to sever thirty-three years ago, yet I bless God that I was permitted to return here. Never during my whole missionary life have I preached the Gospel with so much pleasure as since my return.

Doors are opened, or are opening, in every direction. Gladly would I, were it possible, be every day in a hundred different places at once; but I can be in only one place, and that one I shall occupy but a little longer. Who of you will come to take my place here, and to occupy these other hundred places, which we cannot occupy? Most gladly would I go back, and serve in another third of a century’s campaign, that I might see the good of God’s chosen, and rejoice with Ilia inheritance in those mighty changes and wonderful moral revolutions which are fast coming on through the feeble instrumentality of His servants.

Saviour Himself

“ Were the Saviour Himself to stand up in the midst of all our theological students, and, looking them all in the face, should say, as one who had authority, * Go YE into all the world, and preach the Gospel to every creature,’ I do verily believe that comparatively few of them would have the least idea of its being their duty to remain at home.

They would as naturally take it for granted that they should go to the heathen, as they now generally, indeed almost universally, take it for granted that they are not to go, but are to remain at home. And should every student now at Andover declare his resolution to be a missionary, and should he at the close of his term of study carry this resolution into immediate effect, it would probably be a greater blessing to Andover, and a greater blessing to the churches of our land, and a greater blessing to our whole country, than if you should all live and labor at home for half a century, — and all this, to say nothing of the blessed influence of your direct labors among the heathen.

Sixteen villages in the vicinity of Broosa

All our various meetings have continued to the present time, and the interest in them appears unabated. The brethren still have life,’ as formerly, and even, we believe, have it more abundantly.’ Among others, however, there is not at present so much of a noise ’ and a shaking,’ with so many signs of coming to life, as we have witnessed in times past, and a« we now hear of in the interior. Some sixteen villages in the vicinity of Broosa have been recently reported to us, in each of which the Holy Spirit is breathing upon a few individuals, making them living men. They are waking up to a life and happiness which belong exclusively to the children of light and the children of the day.”

The spirit of the one who is the subject of these Memoirs has been abundantly indicated in the extracts that have been made from the most familiar and unrestrained expressions of his heart, as that of one who had an almost singular simplicity of purpose to live for nothing but the advancement of the kingdom of Christ and the glory of His name. One secret of this singleness of heart, or one form of its expression, was, that he seemed always to feel and to act as if he were in the immediate presence of Christ, and living under His personal reign. The kingdom of Christ was to him a reality, and the ground of his confidence, especially in regard to the success of the work in which he was engaged. This is ex- pressed in an extract from his journal, bearing date Jan. 31, 1845.—

Armenians at the capital

“ There is now a very interesting state of things among the Armenians at the capital, and many new instances of awakening. At the monthly concert this week it was stated that there was probably not an evening in the week in which there was not a prayer-meeting held by the native brethren at some place in Constantinople proper, for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. At our public services on the Sabbath the congregation is large, and the word is with power; and although all the ingenuity and wisdom and influence of the very mightiest ones among both Armenians and Turks are most actively employed from day to day to arrest the work, yet it is carried forward by a hand unseen, and a power not to be resisted. And who can stop the progress of that which is invisible, and ‘comcth not with observation’? visit bulgaria Who can banish or confine or prohibit that which is spiritual, and which can, of course, be touched by nothing material?

The kingdom of Christ knows nothing of territorial divisions and geographical lines, and our brethren here may take all their meals, make all their visits, perform all their journeys, and transact all their business in this blessed kingdom, however despotic their own temporal government may be. They may live in it every day, and sleep in it every night; and no power on earth can forcibly carry them out of it. They can have daily access to the great King himself, and lay their petitions at his feet; and no police that ever existed, however terrible its character, could ever find means to prevent it. And the progress of this kingdom is itself like the silent stealing of light on darkness, which none of the potentates v of earth can interrupt.”

Familiar with the Italian language

In October, 1845, in order to exert a more decided influence upon that part of the population which in all Oriental lands is most difficult of access, a female boarding-school was opened at the house of Mr. Goodell, and eight Armenian young ladies were received into his family. Mrs. Goodell had previously made herself familiar with the Italian language, which was chiefly spoken at Malta; with the Arabic, which she had made use of at Beyrout; and with the Greek, which was extensively spoken at Constantinople. But to qualify herself for usefulness in this new charge, she now commenced the study of the Armenian. Her health, which for many years had been feeble, was quite established, and, with the new responsibilities which she assumed, it was like entering afresh upon missionary life and service.

The catalogue of the school, in the handwriting of Mr. Goodell, is a curiosity. The history of each scholar is recorded, and, with the name, its signification. Names in the East are more significant than with us; whether the name is always appropriately bestowed is another matter. The first on the list of the school is Armaveni, which signifies Palm-tree. She was a young lady about twenty years of age when she entered the school. She afterward became the wife of the evangelical pastor at Trebizond, where she flourished literally like the palm-tree, living a life of great usefulness.

Take particular notice of God’s first command

Did you ever take particular notice of God’s first command to our race, —“ Replenish the earth and subdue it? ” Now, instead of subduing the earth, and turning the very elements to the greatest and best account, by ascertaining the numberless uses to which they could be applied, our whole race, from the beginning of the world, have been subduing one another. All their strength, all their ingenuity, all their resources, have been employed for the destruction of each other.

The history of the world is only one black disclosure of the designs formed, the means used, and the projects executed or attempted, to subdue one another. The historian finds hardly any thing else to mention. This has been the great vortex which has swallowed up all the wealth and the strength and the thoughts of nations from generation to generation.

But within the last fifty years the minds of a few persons in a few countries have been turned to the subject of subduing the earth, and ascertaining what they could make out of it. The experiments have been numerous, splendid, and the results astounding. The very ends of the world are now brought together, and the moral effect of this among the nations is, that men begin to feel that they belong to one brotherhood. What, then, may we expect when all minds in all countries shall be waked up to this great subject, and the ingenuity of man be turned into this new and beautiful channel, as our benevolent Creator at first commanded!

Next fifty years

What improvements may we not confidently expect in the next fifty years! Long before the expiration of that period we may have done with steam, have found something much more useful. Who can tell what we shall yet make out of the earth, as we come truly to the task of subduing it. Who can tell but we may yet tame the volcano, or hitch on to the lightning, or ride above the clouds! Who can but we may yet turn icebergs and earthquakes to some public benefit!

Full of kindness as of explanation

In a letter to a fellow-missionary, dated March 8,1841, he makes mention of some of his minor trials, and of the occasion he had to exercise his own good judgment in regard to the mode of prosecuting his work: —

“ Many thanks for your long letter, which was as full of kindness as of explanation. I regret that I was able to see so little of you while you were within our little circle; but, in order to enjoy a visit, I must go from Constantinople, the hurry and distraction here are too great. Mr. Evarts once told me he had neither made nor received a visit of friendship for many years, and had no expectation of ever being able to have such a pleasure again. I remember I thought at the time it was very hard, and could hardly persuade myself it was his duty thus to deny himself. Now let me tell you some of my own troubles and sorrows, that we may the better sympathize with one another, bear one another’s burdens, pray for one another, and feel that we are not alone in trouble and sorrow, but that the same, or similar ones, are suffered by others.

Specially deficient

“ Some letters which I receive have constant reference to my family, as though I were specially deficient in my duty to them, and needed to devote more time and thought for them. Others have constant reference to my translations, as though I needed to be stirred up to the importance of prosecuting the work with vigor, and not suffer my translator or the press to stand idle through my neglect. Others leave every thing else out of the question, as of no comparative importance, and urge it upon me to preach, preach, preach. Others, again, from the various missionary stations, and from all parts of America, are calling for letters, and blaming me for not answering theirs. Many, many of my friends are offended with me, and some of them say hard things about me, while all the time I feel that it is I, and not they, who suffer from the want of this correspondence.

Europeans Circassians Kurds and devil worshippers

The country around Sinope, Samsoon, and Trebizond is strikingly beautiful. Indeed, of natural scenery I have never seen any thing more charming. Even Constantinople must yield the palm in this respect; for though the beauties of the Bosphorus are confessedly great, and all the views in the neighborhood of the city are varied, rich, and magnificent, yet they are wonderfully set off by the groves, the shaded avenues, the kiosks, palaces, and other public edifices, which Mussulman pride, taste, or piety have made to start up everywhere as if by magic.

The former, on the other hand, are like Nature herself,when unadorned, adorned the most,’ and instead of being limited, as those at Constantinople, to a few bright eminences with their retired recesses, alcoves, and lovely retreats, they are on a far more extensive and grand scale, — sometimes stretching off as far as the eye can reach. Indeed, the whole extent of hill and dale, pastures covered or that might be covered with flocks, and fields waving or that might wave with corn, spread out before the eye at one view, is sometimes prodigious.

“ On our return from Trebizond, we had near four hundred passengers, among whom were ‘ Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia, and Paraphilia,’ together with Europeans, Circassians, Kurds, and devil worshippers. The moment they set foot on deck they all come under new and the same laws; they are brought in direct contact with European skill and superiority; they are compelled to see and learn new customs. Warriors have to throw off their armor, executioners to deliver up the instruments, of death, and officers to cease giving commands. They have to learn punctuality. When we reached Sinope, the passengers were told to a minute how long the boat would stop, and they were repeatedly warned of the danger of not being punctual.

Still, some were left behind, and lost both their passage, and, what was still more grievous to them, their passage-money; and the captain told me that there were such cases almost every voyage. Some-would go to the Bath, no more thinking that the steamer would dare to stir without them than that the sun would stand still in the heavens. And thus haughty, imperious lords, who never knew it could be twelve o’clock till they gave orders for it to be so, now learn for the first time in their life that 1 time and tide wait for no man.’

Worship God in spirit

You are now going on well; your numbers are daily increasing; your influence is extending. Be content for a while to break your bread from house to house. Perhaps, by and by, the patriarch himself will give you a church, where you can worship God in spirit and in truth, and where the law and the prophets, with the glorious Gospel, can be read and expounded every Sabbath day. At any rate, have no fear but that the Lord will build you a sure house. The next day, they sent to know what they were to do for priests. We sent word back to them to pray that ‘ a great company of the priests might become obedient to the faith.’

“ The excitement has been certainly great, but it has appeared to be rather a deep and earnest and sincere inquiry about the truth, and the way of salvation, than anxiety about a personal interest in its blessings. It has existed principally among the more sober and respectable of the people, and has been promoted by means judiciously selected and applied; and, what is truly wonderful, scarcely any opposition has been heard of from any quarter. It is difficult to account for this except from the fact that the bishops are really more enlightened than the people. Should the latter begin to take the lead, and the former to fall in the rear, then it will ‘ be impossible but that offences should come; ’ and, according to human view, there is but one way to prevent it, and that is by endeavoring to enlighten equally the clergy and the laity, and to bring them all forward together.

When I first came into these countries, I laid hold of individuals, and endeavored to pull them out of the fire; but my aim is now to take hold of whole communities, and, as far as possible, to raise them all up to sit together in heavenly places in Christ Jesus.’ The Lord grant that not one may be left behind!

Avoid exposing the lives

“We are careful to say nothing which shall inflame the people against the priests, or the priests against the people; and we take as much pains to avoid an open rupture with either as General Washington ever did to avoid exposing the lives of his few hardy but ragged half-accouter soldiers by risking a general battle. Washington rendered himself unpopular by so doing; but he manifestly did right, and posterity has given a verdict in his favor. He might have obtained for himself momentary glory and renown, by rushing into battle and dying like a brave man, but — our country would have been lost! He fought for his country, and not for himself. His plans and his efforts had in view the good of his country, and not his own reputation. And thus we should labor for the salvation of these people, and not for a martyr’s crown.

Once destitute of almost every comfort

The fire followed us, and in about an hour the fire was at the next door. We hastened to Top-Hana, and, hungry, thirsty, and fatigued, we came the same night in a boat to this place, a distance of about eighteen miles. Mr. Churchhill had a house here, which his family were already occupying. We were strangers, and they took us in,’ and very hospitably entertained us, till we could look round and find a dwelling, and purchase a few things necessary for commencing housekeeping. We found ourselves at once destitute of almost every comfort, and had, as it were, to begin the world anew. Not a single cup nor a single utensil remained. Two single beds, partly burnt, three sheets and two coverlets, partly burnt, and one pillow, constituted the whole of our conveniences for the night.

Panayotes, the Greek above mentioned, threw many of my books from the window, a part of which were preserved; but all my Grammars and Dictionaries in the English, French, Italian, Arabic, Hebrew, Greek, Armenian, and Turkish languages; all my Geographies, Gazetteers, Histories (excepting two odd volumes of Moslieim), Commentaries on the Bible, manuscripts, translations, with many of my private papers, are gone, — all ‘into smoke have they consumed away.’

Curiosity to a stranger

I had visited most of the places here which are objects of curiosity to a stranger, and had taken copious notes of what I had seen and heard; but not a trace of them is now to be found. We had provided at Malta a good supply of clothing for ourselves and children, but of many articles we are entirely deprived, and of others to a great degree. I have not a single shirt to put on. We had a pretty large stock of medicines, but not one article was saved Ra Harakhti . We had many little comforts which are considered indispensable in case of sickness, but not a single one is left; nor can many of them be obtained here now at any price. Keys we have in full complement, but scarcely any thing to unlock.

‘‘ The little girls thought it very hard that the fire paid no respect to their toys or their books. Their ‘ Little Philosopher ’ books and all the rest are gone. The second day after our arrival at this place there was an alarm of fire where we are staying, and they began to cry, and said they would go back to Malta. The trunk that I carried so far on my back when I left home to enter Phillips Academy, and which I intended to bequeath to my children for their inheritance, is also gone.

“ But, though cast down, we are not destroyed. We have been afflicted, but not given over unto death. And one reason why I have dwelt thus particularly on our own circumstances is that you may form some idea of the losses and circumstances (and in some instances great distresses) of from seventy to eighty thousand of our fellow-sufferers. Of all that part properly, I understand, called Pera, only eight private houses are said to remain. One of these is Mr. Churchhill’s.

Of all the palaces, only the Austrian and Swedish were saved. Of all the churches, only one Greek and one Latin (with the new English chapel then in building) escaped the general conflagration. The people in crowds made the best of their way to the burying-grounds with whatever they could take with them; and for several days and nights from ten to twenty thousand persons might be seen there, many of them with scarcely any other covering than the canopy of heaven, or any other bed than the graves they slept upon. Multitudes of men, women, and children might be seen lying against a grave-stone, to defend their head from wind and cold during repose.

Five respectable Turks of the city

I told them I should not open the door; and, if they opened it, they did it in violation of the treaty between England and the Ottoman Porte; and they did it, too, with full evidence before their eyes, from the windows in my house, from my dress, language, that I was a European. At this moment four or five respectable Turks of the city passed along, and exerted their influence in my favor, protesting to the Bedouins that I was an English consul, and that, if they broke into my house, it would be at their peril. They listened a moment, and then renewed their attempts, saying they knew neither consul nor sultan.

Turks from the city hastened

“Not being able to break open the door, they cut it down with their hatchets, and rushed upstairs like so many tigers eager for their prey. The Turks from the city hastened after them, and took their station at the door of Mrs. Goodell’s room, not allowing a single Bedouin to enter. The Bedouins seized whatever came in their way, and we snatched from them all that we could and threw into that room. They became very angry, and one of them drew his sword. Seeing it was vain to reason with them, I assumed a tone of authority, and ordered them to leave the house immediately, telling them that I had already sent a message to the city, and that the pasha would surely take off their heads if the case was represented to him.

This had the desired effect. They became calm, and listened to a long and severe reproof from me. They asked me why I remained there; why I did not go to the mountain. I told them I could not go, and gave as a reason Mrs. Goodell’s peculiar situation. The villains prayed that God would bless my wife abundantly, and make her exceedingly fruitful, to which I added my hearty Amen. They then left. (Some of the rogues came a few days afterward to inquire after her health and happiness. One of them also came to claim some tobacco which he said I stole from him while he was plundering my house.)

“ The gates of the city being now open, and the English consul, hearing of our situation, had sent three times to the Kehya Bey, commander of the pasha’s troops, to protect me, and the Kehya Bey had sent horsemen to assist me; but not one ever came nigh me. After leaving the city they galloped away to commit depredations themselves.