The Wealth of Provincial Governors

It is almost impossible to describe exactly the wealth and methods of profit used by these powerful governors to enrich themselves. A Turk, as described by writers of that age, was considered quick to seek wealth and eager to grow rich. Their ways of gaining money were many, clever, and often hidden. Still, it is useful to set down clearly the certain and lawful revenues that were officially granted to them by commission from the Grand Signior.

These fixed revenues were assigned to them from the cities, towns, and lands under their rule. The money was collected locally and formed the legal income of their office. Beyond this, however, many other profits flowed into their hands Istanbul Private Tours.

Lawful and Customary Sources of Income

In addition to their regular income, governors enjoyed the benefit of several traditional rights. These included the profits from lost and unclaimed property, goods taken from criminals, and possessions that had no clear owner because of death or accident. They also gained from the sale of slaves, horses, and cattle that were left without masters.

Another source of income came from vacant church offices, which in some provinces were sold or assigned under the authority of the governor. All these revenues were accepted as part of the customary privileges of power and were rarely questioned.

Abuses of Power and False Accusations

Yet, beyond these lawful gains, many governors increased their wealth through unjust and corrupt practices. One common abuse was the use of false accusations, sometimes called “avantas,” by which they attacked the property and rights of their own subjects. Under the appearance of justice, they seized lands and goods for their personal benefit.

Even worse, some governors allowed or ordered their slaves and servants to rob travelers and local people. After the robbery, they pretended to investigate the crime. The innocent victims were then arrested, imprisoned, tortured, or even put to death, while the true offenders escaped punishment. In this way, justice itself became a tool for oppression.

The Beglerbegs of the First Rank

To speak more precisely, the Beglerbegs of the first class were twenty-two in number. Each of these governors ruled large provinces and received their assigned revenues directly from the lands they governed. These revenues were collected by their own officers, acting under commissions granted by the Sultan himself.

Because of their distance from the central court and the power entrusted to them, these governors often ruled almost like kings in their own territories. This made oversight difficult and abuse common.

Consequences of Such Power

Such unchecked authority brought great wealth to many, but it also caused fear and suffering among the people. While some governors ruled with fairness, others used their office as a means of personal enrichment. This system explains both the great riches and the great dangers connected with high office in the Ottoman Empire.

The Rank Below the Grand Vizier

Next in authority after the Grand Vizier, also called the Vizier Azem or First Vizier, are the officials known as Beglerbegs. These men may fairly be compared to archdukes or great governors in some parts of Christian Europe. Each Beglerbeg rules over a wide territory and has under his command many sanjaks, or provinces, as well as their local governors, such as beys, aghas, and other officers.

These men represent the Sultan’s authority in distant regions of the empire. Through them, imperial orders are enforced, taxes are collected, justice is administered, and military forces are raised when needed.

Signs of Rank and Authority

To each Beglerbeg, the Grand Signior grants three imperial standards, known in Turkish as tugh. These standards are poles decorated with horse tails and finished with a gilded metal cap at the top. They are carried before the Beglerbeg in public and serve as a visible sign of his rank.

This distinction clearly marks the difference between officials. A Beglerbeg has three tugh, a Beyler or Basha of lower rank has two, and the Sanjak-beg, who also bears the title of Pasha, has only one. In this way, rank is immediately recognized without words Istanbul Private Tours.

Ceremony of Appointment

When a man is appointed as a Pasha, the ceremony of his investiture is carried out with public display. A flag or banner is carried before him, and he is accompanied by music and songs. This is done by an official called the Asirialem, whose sole duty is to conduct such ceremonies for the installation of Pashas into their offices.

This public ritual reinforces the dignity of the office and reminds the people that the authority of the Pasha comes directly from the Sultan.

Two Types of Provincial Governments

The governments of Beglerbegs, who rule over several sanjaks, are divided into two kinds. The first is called Has Beglerbeglik. In this form, the governor receives a fixed income drawn from the cities, lands, and revenues of the province assigned to him.

The second type is known as Salyane Beglerbeglik. In this system, the Beglerbeg is paid a regular salary rather than collecting revenue directly. All taxes are gathered by officers of the Sultan and sent to the central treasury. From this treasury, salaries are paid to the Beglerbeg, the Sanjak-begs, and the soldiers of the province.

Purpose of This System

This division allows the empire to govern both rich and distant regions effectively. It also ensures that military forces and local officials remain dependent on the Sultan’s authority rather than acting independently.

The Official Income of the Grand Vizier

The official revenues of the Grand Vizier, which come directly from the Crown and are fixed parts of the office, are not very large. They amount to no more than about 20,000 dollars a year. This income comes from certain villages in Rumelia and is considered the lawful and regular salary of the position.

Compared to the power and danger of the office, this official income is modest. The true wealth of the Grand Vizier does not come from his salary, but from many other sources spread across the empire.

Gifts and Payments from Across the Empire

Every pasha or trusted minister who receives an appointment must first give a gift to the Grand Vizier. This offering is made to gain his approval and to secure his goodwill. Without such a gift, no official feels safe in his position.

Governors who serve in distant provinces always keep agents in the capital. These agents regularly bring presents to the Grand Vizier. Their purpose is to soften his mood and persuade him to speak well of their service to the Grand Signior. In this way, gifts become a constant flow, arriving from every corner of the empire Istanbul Private Tours.

Seasonal Offerings and Open Bargaining

Each spring, around the equinox, all pashas and major officials are required to present valuable gifts to the Grand Signior himself. At this time, the Grand Vizier also receives his share of acknowledgments and rewards.

Beyond these formal occasions, money is given to the Grand Vizier according to the nature of each request or business matter. These payments are not made in secret. On the contrary, they are often openly demanded, and the price is discussed boldly, much like a bargain in a marketplace.

Justice Treated Like Merchandise

In such a system, justice and favor become items for sale. They are traded as openly as goods in shops or markets. Offices, protections, decisions, and even judgments can be bought, just like ordinary merchandise.

If the Grand Vizier is greedy—and this is often the case with men who rise suddenly from poverty—he may take full advantage of this practice. Having once known want, such men are easily tempted by wealth and eager to secure as much as possible while their power lasts.

Wealth Gained at Great Risk

Thus, although the office of Grand Vizier is full of danger, stress, and uncertainty, it also offers immense opportunities for wealth. Riches flow toward him from all sides, but they are gained at the cost of constant fear, jealousy, and political risk. His fortune, like his power, depends entirely on favor—and can disappear just as quickly.

War as a Means of Survival for a Vizier

According to Ottoman political thought, the only likely way for a weak or unstable Prime Vizier to protect himself was to turn the attention of the Sultan and other powerful men toward a foreign war. Peace, it was believed, often spoiled men’s character. During peaceful times, people turned their energy inward, creating conflicts, rivalries, and secret plots within the state.

War, on the other hand, kept ambitious minds busy. It directed their desire for honor and fame toward military action. When men were focused on campaigns and victories, they had less time to plan treachery or political conspiracies at home. In this way, war was seen as a tool to preserve internal stability Customized Tours Istanbul.

The Example of Köprülü and His Son

It is possible that Ahmed, the son of Köprülü, followed this principle when he began the last war with Germany. Observers of his rule noted that in many matters of government, he followed the same methods and policies that his father had taught him. These rules were passed down to him not only as political advice, but almost as an inheritance.

Thus, war was not always started from ambition alone, but sometimes from fear—fear of internal danger, rebellion, or loss of favor at court.

Long Service Despite Constant Danger

Despite the unstable nature of the office, history records a few Prime Viziers who managed to hold power for as long as nineteen years. After long service, heavy responsibility, and endless worry, some even left office only by natural death.

This raises an important question: does a vizier rise or fall because of destiny and fortune, fixed at birth, or can human wisdom and careful planning create a safe path between stubborn resistance and dishonest flattery?

Fate or Wise Counsel?

Some thinkers believed that a careful balance was possible. A vizier might avoid danger by neither opposing the Sultan too boldly nor flattering him shamefully. Such a path, free from ambition and risk, was ideal—but extremely rare.

In practice, few men succeeded this way. If a vizier was evil, his cruelty and greed often brought about his fall. If he was good, his success could be just as dangerous. Great service sometimes made a ruler uncomfortable, especially when the rewards owed to such service were too large or difficult to repay.

The Paradox of Merit

History shows a tragic truth: great benefits often led not to gratitude, but to resentment. When a servant achieved too much, his very excellence could become a threat. Thus, both failure and success carried risk, and the office of Prime Vizier remained one of the most dangerous positions in the Ottoman state.

The State and Splendor of the Prime Vizier

The Prime Vizier lived in a manner that matched the honor of the Sultan whom he represented. His household was large and impressive, often including around two thousand officers and servants. This great number showed both his importance and the heavy responsibilities of his office. His court functioned almost like a smaller royal palace, reflecting the power he held in the Ottoman state.

Whenever the Prime Vizier appeared in public ceremonies or official processions, his rank was clearly displayed through symbols of honor. On his turban, two large feathers were placed in front, while the Sultan himself wore three feathers, decorated with diamond handles and other precious stones. This visible difference showed respect for the Sultan while still emphasizing the high dignity of the Prime Vizier Private Istanbul Tour.

Symbols of Authority and Rank

In front of the Prime Vizier were carried three horse-tails, known as the tuğ, mounted on long staffs topped with gilded knobs. These horse-tails were important signs of authority in Ottoman tradition. Only a few of the highest-ranking governors in the empire were allowed the same distinction.

This honor was limited to the three most powerful provincial governors, namely the Pashas of Baghdad (Babylon), Cairo, and Buda. These men ruled large and important regions and enjoyed special privileges. Lower-ranking pashas were permitted only one horse-tail, without any additional symbols of authority.

The three principal pashas mentioned above also had the right to become Viziers of the Bench after completing their terms of office. If they were present at the imperial court and remained in the Sultan’s favor, they could take their seats in the Divan, the central council of the empire.

The Prime Vizier as Head of Justice

As the representative of the Sultan, the Prime Vizier was also considered the head and voice of the law. Appeals could be made directly to him, and any person could avoid the normal courts and request that their case be decided by his judgment alone. This showed the great trust placed in his wisdom and fairness.

However, if the Prime Vizier felt that a case was minor or that his many responsibilities did not allow him to examine it carefully, he could refer the matter back to the regular legal courts.

Duty and Presence in the Divan

To demonstrate his concern for justice and public order, the Prime Vizier was present at the Divan four times a week, usually on Saturday, Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. On the remaining days, except Friday, he often held court in his own house.

This constant attention to legal matters shows how diligent and watchful the Prime Viziers were in carrying out their duties. Through their efforts, justice was maintained and the authority of the Ottoman state was upheld.

The Origin of the Office of the First Vizier

The first clear example in history of the office of the First Vizier can be found during the reign of Sultan Murad I, one of the early Ottoman rulers. When Murad crossed from Anatolia into Europe, he was accompanied by his tutor, known as Lala Şahabettin. Because of his wisdom and loyalty, the Sultan appointed him as his chief counselor and entrusted him with command of the army.

Under the leadership of this first vizier, the Ottoman forces achieved a great victory by capturing Adrianople, a city that was later called Edirne. This conquest became a turning point in Ottoman history, as Adrianople later served as an important capital of the empire. From that time onward, the Ottoman sultans continued to maintain the office of vizier as a permanent and essential part of government.

The Meaning of the Title “Lala”

The Sultan often addressed the First Vizier by the familiar title “Lala,” which means tutor. This showed the personal trust and respect between the ruler and his chief minister. Even after the empire grew larger and more complex, this form of address continued, reminding everyone that the vizier was not only a servant of the state but also a guide and advisor to the Sultan Private Istanbul Tour.

The Six Viziers of the Bench

In addition to the First Vizier, there were usually six other viziers, known as the Viziers of the Bench. These men did not hold direct power over the daily government of the empire. Instead, they were experienced and serious individuals who had often served in important offices in the past and were well trained in law and administration.

They sat together with the First Vizier in the Divan, the imperial court where legal cases and state matters were discussed. However, they were generally silent and could not give their opinions unless the First Vizier asked for their advice. This request was rare, as the First Vizier usually relied on his own experience and judgment.

Duties, Salaries, and Stability

The salaries of these six viziers were paid from the Sultan’s treasury and did not exceed about two thousand dollars a year, which was considered moderate. Because they were not deeply involved in the most dangerous affairs of state and did not accumulate great wealth, they lived with less envy and rivalry. Their positions were stable, and they were less exposed to sudden changes of fortune.

The Cabinet Council

When matters of great importance arose, the six viziers were invited to join the Cabinet Council together with the First Vizier, the Mufti, and the Chief Judges of the empire. On such occasions, they were allowed to speak freely and give their opinions on serious questions affecting the state.

The Maxims of Turkish Politics

The Office of the Grand Vizier

The Prime Vizier, called in Turkish Vezir-i Azam, means the chief counselor of the Sultan. He was the highest officer in the Ottoman government and stood above all other ministers. For this reason, he was often described as the Deputy or Representative of the Sultan, sometimes even called Vicarius Imperii, meaning the ruler’s substitute.

When a man was appointed as Grand Vizier, there was no long ceremony or complicated ritual. The most important act was the delivery of the Sultan’s seal. This seal carried the name of the Emperor and was always kept by the Grand Vizier close to his body. With this seal, the Grand Vizier received full authority over the empire. From that moment, he could act in the Sultan’s name and command obedience from all officials.

Authority and Power of the Grand Vizier

By holding the imperial seal, the Grand Vizier became invested with almost unlimited power. He could remove obstacles that stood in the way of government and make decisions without long legal processes. His authority extended over civil administration, the army, and justice. In practice, he ruled the empire while the Sultan remained above him as the supreme ruler Private Istanbul Tour.

This system allowed the government to function smoothly, especially when the Sultan chose to live in comfort or distance himself from daily affairs. The Grand Vizier ensured that the empire continued to operate efficiently and according to established rules.

Historical Wisdom Behind the Office

It has always been the policy of great rulers in the East to appoint one supreme minister over all others. This idea was not new. In the Bible, Daniel was placed by King Darius over other princes because of his wisdom and strong spirit. Likewise, Joseph was made chief governor of Egypt and was given full authority to rule in the king’s name.

By appointing such trusted men, rulers could better control their empires. If problems occurred in government, responsibility could be placed on one person instead of many.

Political Responsibility and Control

This practice also served another purpose. When misrule or failure happened, the blame could fall on the Grand Vizier rather than the Sultan. In this way, the Sultan protected his own position and authority. If necessary, the Grand Vizier could be removed or punished, while the dignity of the ruler remained untouched.

Thus, the office of the Grand Vizier was one of the strongest foundations of Ottoman political power. It combined authority, responsibility, and loyalty into a single position, helping the empire remain stable and well governed for centuries.

Records of the Agiamoglans

The names of the Agiamoglans were carefully written in an official book. This book also recorded the places where they were sent to serve and the wages they received. Some were paid two aspers a day, others three or five, depending on their duty and rank. This record was very important because it showed how closely the Ottoman state controlled its servants.

The book was signed by the Grand Signior, meaning the Sultan himself. After this, it was delivered to the Tefterdar, who was the Lord Treasurer of the empire. The Tefterdar was responsible for paying the salaries of the Agiamoglans every three months. At each payment period, he had to check carefully who was still alive, who had died, and who had been transferred to another position. Only after making a correct and honest report to the Sultan could the payments be approved Private Istanbul Tour.

Order and Discipline in the Seraglio

From this system, we can see that the Seraglio of the Grand Signior was run with great order and discipline. Nothing was left to chance. Every person had a place, a duty, and a fixed income. This careful organization made the Seraglio not only a royal residence but also an important school for government service.

In my opinion, when this system is carefully considered, it must be seen as one of the most political and well-designed institutions in the world at that time. It was also one of the strongest supports of the Ottoman Empire, helping it remain powerful and stable for many years.

Education and Loyalty to the Sultan

This account was given to me by a man who had spent nineteen years in the schools of the Seraglio. From childhood, selected boys were educated, trained, and supported by the Sultan, much like a father raising his children. When they became adults, they were rewarded with high offices, wealth, and honor.

The Sultan trusted these men because they owed everything to him. Their loyalty helped protect his person and ensured the safety and success of his empire.

Offices of Power and Wealth

I admit that I have not explained every part of the Seraglio in full detail. I have chosen not to describe the rules and daily life of the women, mutes, eunuchs, and other private sections of the palace, as this would lead away from my main purpose. My intention has been to explain the government, policies, and political methods of the Ottoman state.

Therefore, I now turn to the many important offices of power, wealth, and trust that remained in the Sultan’s hands. These positions were given to those whom he had raised and educated from a young age, ensuring both the security of his rule and the prosperity of his dominions.

The Government of Tripoli of Syria

The thirteenth province was the Government of Tarabolos al-Sham, also known as Tripoli of Syria. This province was located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and played an important role in trade and regional administration.

The Pasha of Tripoli resided in the city itself, which served as the administrative center of the province. The yearly revenue of this government amounted to eight hundred thousand aspers, showing that it was a prosperous and well-established region.

Under the authority of the Pasha were four Sangiacks, namely Homs, Hama, Jableh (Gemmele), and Salamiyah. These districts included fertile lands and important towns that supported agriculture and commerce. Despite the size of the province, there was only one castle recorded within its territory. This fortress was located in the Sangiack of Homs and was known as Faslulekyad. The limited number of fortifications suggests that the region relied more on stability and internal order than on strong military defenses Private Tour Istanbul.

Tripoli’s coastal position made it valuable for maritime trade, especially in goods coming from inland Syria and destined for the Mediterranean world.

The Government of Trabzon (Trapezond)

The fourteenth province was the Government of Trabzon, also called Trapezond. This city was surrounded by high mountain ridges, which gave it strong natural protection. A poet born in this city once described it as being enclosed by mountains rising like a crown above it.

Trabzon had great historical importance. In earlier times, it was the imperial seat of the Comnenian dynasty, which ruled over parts of Cappadocia, Galatia, and Pontus. The empire was founded by Alexios Comnenus, who fled to Trabzon after Constantinople was captured by the Western Christians during the Fourth Crusade. The city continued to flourish under his descendants until it was finally taken by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror.

Trabzon is situated on the Euxine Sea, known today as the Black Sea. Because of this location, it remained a major center of trade even under Ottoman rule. The city was especially wealthy due to fishing and customs duties collected from merchants and ships.

Although the Pasha of Trabzon did not command any Sangiacks, he was still granted a substantial yearly revenue of seven hundred and thirty-four thousand, eight hundred and fifty aspers. To protect the city and its surrounding lands, there were fourteen castles, which ensured security against both land and sea threats.

Both Tripoli of Syria and Trabzon show how different provinces of the Ottoman Empire were governed according to their geography and history. One relied on coastal trade and inland agriculture, while the other combined strong natural defenses with maritime commerce. Together, they reflect the diversity and administrative flexibility of the Ottoman provincial system.

The Province of Damascus (Scham)

The fourth great province of the Ottoman Empire was Scham, better known as Damascus. This province held a very important position because of its wealth, its location on the trade routes, and its religious importance.

The fixed and certain revenue of the province of Damascus was one million aspers each year. Under its authority were seven Sangiacks governed under the Has system, meaning that their taxes were collected directly by officers of the Beglerbeg on behalf of the Sultan.

These Sangiacks were Jerusalem (also called Kadesh-Sherif), Gaza, Sidon, Nablus (also known as Naples of Syria), Ajlun, Baalbek, and Damascus itself, which was the city where the Beglerbeg resided. These districts were closely administered and contributed directly to the imperial treasury.

Saliane Districts of Damascus

In addition to the Has Sangiacks, the Beglerbeg of Damascus also governed three Saliane districts, for which he received a fixed salary paid by the Sultan’s officers. These districts were Karak, Saida, Beirut, Tripoli, and Shobek Private Tour Istanbul.

In these Saliane territories, there were no Timariots, and the inhabitants were considered free and absolute masters of their own estates, much like the Kurdish regions mentioned earlier. The people held their land by local custom rather than military service.

Most of the castles in this province had been demolished or abandoned, and only a few remained strong enough to be of military importance.

The Province of Sivas (Sitras)

The fifth province was Sivas, a city located in Greater Armenia. This province had a yearly revenue of nine hundred thousand aspers, showing its strong economic value.

Under the authority of the Pasha of Sivas were six Sangiacks, namely Amasya, Çorum, Buradık, Demirköy, Canik, and Arabkir. Throughout these districts, there were nineteen castles, which served as defensive structures and symbols of local authority.

The Province of Erzurum

The sixth major province was Erzurum, located on the frontier with Georgia. Because of its position, it was of great military importance.

The revenue of Erzurum amounted to one million, two hundred thousand, six hundred and sixty aspers. The Pasha of Erzurum governed eleven Sangiacks, including Karahisar, Şarkî, Kighi, Pasin, Erzincan, Hınıs, Tekman, Tortum, Meyyafarkın, Mamahatun, Kızıltan, and Malazgirt. In this province, there were thirteen castles used for defense.

The Province of Van

The seventh province was Van, a city in the region formerly known as Media. The annual revenue of Van was one million, one hundred thirty-two thousand and two hundred aspers.

The Pasha of Van commanded fourteen Sangiacks, including Adilcevaz, Erciş, Muş, Bargiri, Hakkari, Kars, Pasin, Espaird, Ağrı, Eçmiadzin, Bendimahi, Kalecik-i Bayezid, Berde, and Elegez. These lands formed an important eastern frontier of the empire.

Importance of the Eastern Provinces

These provinces were essential for the defense, wealth, and administration of the Ottoman Empire. They protected the eastern borders, secured trade routes, and provided revenue to the Sultan, while also showing the variety of administrative systems used across the empire.

The Gerit A Dangerous Sport on Horseback

One of the most popular sports among the Ottoman court pages was the Gerit, also known as Dart throwing on horseback. This activity was not only a form of entertainment but also a way to show skill, strength, and courage. The sport involved throwing a wooden dart while riding at full speed. Because the reigning Grand Signior (the Sultan) greatly enjoyed this sport, many young men practiced it intensely, hoping to gain his attention and earn promotion.

Each participant tried to surpass the others. As a result, most of them became extremely skilled. They could throw a dart more than three quarters of a yard long with such force that, if it struck a person, it could easily break a bone. This shows how dangerous the game truly was.

Daily Exercises in the Sultan’s Presence

Almost every day, the Sultan spent his time watching his pages practice this sport. These exercises often turned violent. It was common for one rider to knock another off his horse, and hardly a day passed without someone being injured. Bruises were frequent, and sometimes the wounds were serious or even life-threatening Private Istanbul Tour.

Despite these dangers, the sport continued to be encouraged, as it was seen as a test of bravery and discipline. Pain and injury were accepted as part of the training.

Combat Between Black Eunuchs and White Pages

On certain occasions, the Sultan arranged special combat days. During these events, Black Eunuchs and White Pages competed against each other on horseback using the Gerit. These contests were filled with strong rivalry. Each side fought fiercely, defending the honor of their color, race, and rank.

The struggle was so intense that it often seemed as if they were fighting for the Empire itself. These contests almost never ended without bloodshed, showing how serious and emotional the competitions had become.

Rules and Restrictions of the Exercise

It is important to note that not everyone in the palace was allowed to take part in these exercises. Members of the Two Inner Chambers were only permitted to perform such activities within the walls of the Seraglio. The pages who accompanied the Sultan outside were usually those already promoted or preparing for higher positions.

These rules reflected the strict hierarchy and discipline of the Ottoman court, where even sports followed clear boundaries.

Of the Eunuchs in the Ottoman Court

Among the customs of Eastern courts, the use of eunuchs was long established and widely accepted. This practice arose from the belief that strict control was necessary to preserve order, discipline, and security within royal households. Because of this concern, many Eastern princes trusted the most sensitive offices of their courts not to ordinary men, but to eunuchs, who were believed to pose no threat to family honor or dynastic stability.

In the court of the Ottoman Sultan, known as the Seraglio, eunuchs held positions of great responsibility and authority. Far from being minor servants, they were among the most powerful and respected figures within the palace Istanbul Private Tours.

The Two Chief Eunuchs of the Seraglio

There were two eunuchs above all others, each commanding a different part of the palace. The first was the Kızlar Ağa, or Chief Black Eunuch. He was responsible for the women of the Seraglio, including the Sultan’s household and the imperial harem. Because of his access to these private spaces, his position required absolute trust and loyalty. He was often consulted on important matters and enjoyed close relations with the Sultan and the Queen Mother.

The second was the Kapı Ağa, or Master of the Gate. He was a White Eunuch and held authority over the Pages and all White Eunuchs serving in the court. His office placed him in charge of discipline, order, and daily operations within the inner palace. He controlled access to the Sultan and supervised those who served closest to him.

Authority and Hierarchy

Under the Kapı Ağa were many other eunuch officers. One of the most important was the Haz Oda Başçı, commonly described as the Lord Chamberlain. He commanded the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber and managed the Sultan’s private rooms. This role required constant vigilance and careful attention to court protocol.

All eunuchs, whether Black or White, were expected to show strict obedience and discretion. Their power came not from birth or wealth, but from their service and the trust placed in them by the Sultan.

Respect and Influence

Though their condition set them apart, eunuchs often achieved high status and influence. Many accumulated wealth, built alliances, and played key roles in court politics. Their position illustrates how, in the Ottoman system, loyalty and usefulness could raise a person to honor, regardless of origin or physical condition.

The Dwarfs of the Ottoman Court

In the Ottoman court, there was another group of attendants besides the Pages and the Mutes. These were the Dwarfs, who were known by the name Giuge. Like the Pages, they were lodged within the palace and shared quarters near the two main chambers. From an early stage, they were carefully trained to behave with humility, discipline, and strict respect, especially when standing in the presence of the Grand Signior.

Their education was not based on learning or service in government, but on courtly behavior. They were taught how to stand, move, and react correctly before the Sultan, since even the smallest mistake in posture or manner could be seen as disrespect in such a highly ordered court Istanbul Private Tours.

Combination of Physical Conditions and Court Value

According to early observers, the Ottoman court placed unusual value on individuals who combined several rare physical conditions. If one of these dwarfs happened also to be mute by nature, and later, through human intervention, was made a eunuch, he was considered far more valuable than others. Such a person was thought to be especially suited for service within the inner palace.

Writers of the time went so far as to claim that such a man was more highly esteemed than if nature and skill had worked together to create the most physically perfect person in the world. This belief reflects the strange priorities of court life, where uniqueness and usefulness within strict rules often mattered more than ordinary human qualities.

A Favoured Dwarf at the Seraglio

One notable example is recorded by early historians. A certain Pasha presented such a dwarf to the Grand Signior as a gift. The Sultan, together with the Queen Mother, received him with great pleasure. He was immediately dressed in cloth of gold, a fabric reserved only for those of high favour, and was granted free access through all the gates of the Seraglio.

This privilege was extremely rare and showed how close such attendants could come to the inner circle of power. Though they held no political office, their physical presence and constant access gave them a unique position within palace life.

Meaning of Their Role

The place of dwarfs in the Ottoman court shows how deeply symbolism, hierarchy, and control shaped life in the Seraglio. These attendants existed to serve, amuse, and demonstrate the absolute authority of the ruler. Their value was not measured by wisdom or skill, but by how well they fit into the strict and often harsh customs of the imperial household.

The Silent Language of the Ottoman Court

One of the most unusual features of the Ottoman court was the use of mutes, whose language of signs was highly developed and widely understood. This silent language was made up of many gestures and movements, which, through long custom and practice, allowed the mutes to communicate clearly with one another.

By using signs alone, they were able not only to express simple ideas or answer familiar questions, but also to tell stories and explain complex matters. They could understand and discuss the fables of their religion, the laws and teachings of the Alcoran, the name and deeds of Mahomet, and many other subjects that are normally expressed through spoken words. In this way, their communication was nearly as complete as ordinary speech.

The Favourite Mutes

Among the mutes, the most senior and experienced—usually eight or nine in number—were known as the Favourite Mutes. These men were granted the privilege of attending the Haz-Oda, or the private chamber of the Grand Signior. Their presence there marked a position of trust, even though their duties were often unusual Istanbul Private Tours.

According to early writers, these Favourite Mutes sometimes served as objects of amusement for the Sultan. He might command them to perform gestures, imitate scenes, or engage in mock contests. Such actions were not meant as public spectacle, but as private diversions within the inner chambers of the palace. Though these descriptions may sound harsh to modern readers, they reflect the strict hierarchy and customs of court life at that time.

Widespread Use of Sign Language

The language of the mutes became so common in the Ottoman court that almost everyone of rank could understand and use it. Courtiers, officers, and servants alike learned to express their meaning through signs. This skill was especially useful in the presence of the Grand Signior, where silence was considered a mark of respect.

Speaking aloud, or even whispering, was often seen as improper when standing before the Sultan. For this reason, sign language allowed communication without breaking courtly rules. Orders could be given, messages delivered, and requests made, all without a single spoken word.

Purpose and Significance

The silent language of the mutes served both practical and symbolic purposes. It ensured secrecy, discipline, and order within the palace, while also reinforcing the authority and dignity of the ruler. Through silence, obedience, and gesture, the Ottoman court created a system of communication unlike any other in the world at that time.

Honor of Serving in the Royal Chamber

Those who, through the grace and favor of the Sultan, reached the dignity of serving in the Royal Chamber enjoyed a very special position. They had the rare honor of being constantly within the Sultan’s sight and presence. This closeness to the ruler gave them both prestige and influence, setting them apart from all others in the palace.

Because of their loyal service, the Sultan often rewarded them with valuable gifts.

Royal Gifts and Special Privileges

The Sultan frequently presented these men with swords, bows, veils, and other symbols of honor. Such gifts were not only signs of favor but also marks of status that were recognized throughout the Empire. In addition to these rewards, the members of the Royal Chamber were permitted to receive gifts and payments from others in return for their intercessions and recommendations Private Istanbul Tour.

When someone wished to gain the Sultan’s attention or secure a favor, these officers often acted as intermediaries. This privilege allowed them to build wealth and influence while still serving the court.

Duties as Royal Messengers

The Sultan also trusted these men with important missions. At times, he sent them as messengers to Pashas and provincial governors. On other occasions, they were dispatched to confirm the authority of princes in regions such as Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia. These tasks required discretion, loyalty, and a deep understanding of court politics.

They were also sent to carry gifts to the Vizier and other high-ranking officials. Such missions showed the Sultan’s confidence in them and increased their reputation across the Empire.

Wealth Gained Through Service

In all these assignments, the members of the Royal Chamber were treated with great respect. They were generously entertained and presented with money, jewels, and rich furnishings for horses. These rewards were often substantial, and very few of the forty members remained poor for long.

Within a short time, most of them gained estates of their own. Their wealth was usually enough to equip and furnish themselves properly for entry into any office of the Empire.

Preparation for High Office

Service in the Royal Chamber was therefore not an end, but a beginning. It prepared these men for the highest positions in government. Through honor, wealth, and experience, they became fully ready to serve the Ottoman state in roles of great responsibility.

The Arz Agalar and Their Special Role

There were nine officers in the Seraglio known as the Arz Agalar. These men held a special privilege: they were allowed to present petitions directly to the Grand Signior, much like Masters of Requests in European courts. This duty placed them in a position of great trust, as they acted as a bridge between the Sultan and those seeking justice, favor, or promotion.

Because of this responsibility, the Arz Agalar were carefully chosen from among the most loyal and capable officers of the palace.

Members Chosen from the Haz Oda

Out of the nine Arz Agalar, four were selected from the Haz Oda, the highest chamber of the Seraglio. These officers already served close to the Sultan’s person. Their names and duties were well known within the court Private Istanbul Tour.

These included the Silahdar Aga, who carried the Sultan’s sword; the Chohadar Aga, responsible for the Sultan’s outer garment; the Rikabdar Aga, who held the Sultan’s stirrup when he mounted his horse; and the Tulbent Oğlanı, who assisted with the preparation and care of the Sultan’s turban.

Their daily proximity to the Sultan made them highly visible and placed them among the most likely candidates for future advancement.

Arz Agalar from Other Offices

The remaining Arz Agalar were chosen from other important palace offices. One of these was the Hazna Kethüdası, the second-ranking officer of the Treasury. Another was the Kiler Kethüdası, who supervised the supplies of sherbets, sugar, sweetmeats, and other provisions used in the palace.

Also included was the Doğancıbaşı, or chief falconer, who oversaw the Sultan’s hunting birds. The Hazodabaşı, the principal commander of the Royal Chamber, was another member. Finally, there was the Kapı Ağası, the chief commander of the pages, who was responsible for discipline and order among the young men of the court.

Path to High Office

All of these officers were considered the closest to promotion. When positions outside the palace became vacant, such as the office of Pasha or other high provincial posts, these men were usually chosen first. Their service in the Seraglio was seen as the best training for governing others.

Thus, the role of the Arz Agalar served not only as an honor but also as a final step before entering the highest ranks of the Ottoman administration.

Increase in Pay and Advancement

As the pages advanced in rank and responsibility, their pay and daily allowance also increased. At first, they received only four or five aspers a day. After promotion, their salary rose to eight aspers or more. This increase was not only financial but also symbolic, showing that they were gaining the Sultan’s trust and moving closer to positions of importance within the Seraglio.

From this stage, they were transferred to more respected and sensitive departments of the palace.

Service in the Treasury and Dispensary

After their early promotions, the pages were placed in either the Hazna Oda, the Chamber of the Treasury, or the Kilar, also known as the Dispensary. In the Treasury, valuable goods, money, and precious objects belonging to the Grand Signior were kept. In the Dispensary, drinks, cordials, medicines, and rich beverages prepared for the Sultan’s use were stored and managed.

These positions required honesty, discipline, and careful behavior. Only those considered trustworthy were allowed to serve in these chambers, as any mistake could lead to severe punishment.

The Highest Chamber: The Haz Oda

From the Treasury and the Dispensary, the most capable pages were selected for the Haz Oda, the highest and most honorable chamber of the Seraglio. This chamber consisted of forty pages, whose main duty was to attend directly upon the person of the Grand Signior himself.

Among these forty pages, twelve held the chief offices of the court, each responsible for a specific and intimate service Private Istanbul Tour.

The Twelve Chief Officers of the Court

Seliktar-Aga – the Sultan’s sword-bearer.

Chiohadar-Aga – the officer who carried the Sultan’s cloak or outer garment in bad weather.

Rekibdar-Aga – the one who held the Sultan’s stirrup when he mounted his horse.

Ibriktar-Aga – responsible for carrying water for the Sultan to drink or wash.

Turbendar-Aga – in charge of preparing and arranging the Sultan’s turban.

Kiler Hüsar-Aga – keeper of the wardrobe and overseer of the washing of the Sultan’s linen.

Çeşnigirbaşı – the chief taster, who tested food for safety.

Zağarcıbaşı – chief officer in charge of the hunting dogs.

Tırnakçıbaşı – responsible for trimming the Sultan’s nails.

Berberbaşı – the chief barber.

Muhasebecibaşı – the chief accountant.

Tezkirecibaşı – the Sultan’s secretary.

Other Respected Officers

There were also two other important officers in the court: the Doğancıbaşı, or chief falconer, and the Hamamcıbaşı, or chief officer of the baths. Although these positions were highly respected, their offices and living quarters were separate from the Royal Chamber. Because they did not serve directly within it, they were not eligible for higher promotion.