The Life and Teachings of the Herervi Order

The Knowledge and Skills of Herervi

Herervi was known as a very learned and skilled man, especially in the field of alchemy, which was the old study of transforming and understanding materials. He was respected for his knowledge and wisdom.

People who joined his religious order followed a simple and disciplined way of life. Instead of giving or receiving money in the usual way, he sometimes gave gold as charity to help those in need and to support his followers Istanbul Day Trip.

His Simple Way of Life

Herervi lived a very humble life. He wore a green robe and avoided luxury. He did not depend on servants and often did his own daily tasks.

He even repaired his own clothes and personally prepared food for his convent. This showed his belief in hard work, simplicity, and self-discipline.

His lifestyle was meant to teach that spiritual purity is more important than wealth or comfort.

His Charity and Public Works

Herervi was also known for his generosity. He built many mosques and hospitals in important cities such as Cairo and Babylon.

These institutions were used to help the poor, the sick, and travelers. Because of these good works, many people respected him greatly and considered him a holy man.

His tomb is located in Bursa, and it became a place of pilgrimage. Many people visit it to show respect and to pray. Donations are often given to maintain the site and honor his memory.

Sources of Information

The information about Herervi comes mainly from a religious scholar and preacher who was also the leader of this order at one time.

He described Herervi as a model example for others in the same religious path. Followers of the order try to imitate his way of life, believing it leads to spiritual improvement.

Monasteries and Religious Life

The Herervi order had a monastery in Constantinople, like other religious orders mentioned earlier. However, in many parts of the Ottoman Empire, especially in Europe, there were few such religious communities.

Most of these groups lived in cities such as Cairo, Babylon, and other distant regions of Asia. In these areas, different religious orders followed their own traditions and practices.

Differences Between Orders

Some observers noted that certain religious groups in distant regions had more unusual or extreme practices compared to those in the Ottoman lands.

These differences show how Islamic mystical traditions varied widely depending on place and culture.

While some orders focused on discipline and simplicity, others were believed to include more symbolic or unconventional rituals.

Initiation Rituals and the Kadri Order

The Initiation of New Members

Those who wished to join this religious order were required to complete a period of strict preparation before becoming full members. This preparation lasted for forty days and was similar to a spiritual retreat or quarantine Istanbul Day Tours.

During this time, the novice remained alone and separated inside a small chamber or room. Contact with the outside world was greatly limited so that the person could focus entirely on prayer, meditation, and spiritual reflection.

The food allowed during these forty days was extremely small in quantity. The novice received only a little food each day, just enough to survive. Through hunger, silence, and isolation, the order believed the soul would become purified and ready for divine experiences.

Spiritual Visions and Revelations

According to the beliefs of the order, during this period of isolation the novice might receive spiritual visions and revelations. The dervishes claimed that some initiates experienced visions of Paradise, saw signs of the divine presence, or felt themselves spiritually closer to God.

These mystical experiences were considered proof that the soul had become detached from worldly concerns and elevated toward heavenly understanding.

The order taught that prayer, fasting, and solitude could open the mind to divine mysteries hidden from ordinary people.

The Ceremony After the Forty Days

At the end of the forty days, the novice was brought out by the members of the brotherhood. The dervishes gathered together holding hands and performing a ceremonial dance similar to a traditional Morris dance.

During this emotional and spiritual ceremony, the novice was expected to demonstrate signs of divine inspiration or spiritual ecstasy. If the novice suddenly experienced a vision or spiritual emotion, he would sometimes throw off his clothing and fall to the ground in astonishment.

The person often remained lying motionless, as though unconscious or overwhelmed by spiritual power. His eyes might appear red and disturbed, and his behavior resembled someone who was confused, intoxicated, or deeply shocked.

Eventually, the leader of the order, known as the Prior, approached and prayed over the novice until he slowly returned to normal awareness.

Secret Revelations

After recovering, the novice privately explained his visions and revelations to the Prior or another trusted and experienced member of the order.

These spiritual experiences were treated seriously and were discussed only with respected leaders who were believed to understand the mysteries of the religious path.

Such ceremonies strengthened the belief that the order possessed hidden spiritual knowledge available only to those who passed through discipline and initiation.

The Kadri Order

Another important religious order connected to the Chalveti tradition was the Kadri Order. This order was founded by Abdul Kadri Ghilani, a man greatly admired for his wisdom, holiness, and strict way of life.

Abdul Kadri Ghilani became famous throughout the Islamic world for his religious teachings and personal discipline. Many people considered him one of the greatest saints among the dervishes.

Pilgrimage to His Tomb

The tomb of Abdul Kadri Ghilani was located near the ancient city of Babylon. It became an important destination for pilgrims and members of religious orders.

Many dervishes traveling through the Ottoman lands visited his burial place as an act of devotion and respect. Pilgrims believed that praying near the tomb of such a holy man brought spiritual blessing and inspiration.

The fame of Abdul Kadri Ghilani spread far beyond his own order, and his name remained respected among many Muslims for generations.

The Discipline and Rituals of the Kadri Dervishes

The Beginning of Religious Training

Those who entered this religious order were required to pass through a period of strict training and self-discipline. New members, known as novices, learned gradually through fasting, abstinence, prayer, and obedience Istanbul Day Tours.

When a person first joined the order, he received a small cudgel or stick made from willow wood. This stick became an important symbol of his religious discipline and was always carried hanging from his belt.

At the beginning, while the wood was still fresh and green, it weighed about four hundred drams. The weight of this stick determined the amount of bread the novice was permitted to eat each day.

Fasting and Self-Denial

As time passed, the willow wood slowly dried and became lighter. At the same time, the daily amount of bread allowed to the novice was also reduced. In this way, the dervishes gradually trained themselves to endure hunger and practice self-control.

This unusual method symbolized the weakening of worldly desires and the strengthening of spiritual discipline. The less attached the body became to comfort and food, the closer the soul was believed to come to God.

Fasting and abstinence were considered important parts of spiritual purification. The dervishes believed that controlling physical appetite helped free the mind from earthly distractions and prepared the soul for divine contemplation.

Nightly Worship and Devotion

Like all Muslims, the members of this order performed the five daily prayers required by Islam. However, they also spent much of the night engaged in additional religious exercises and ceremonies.

One of their main practices involved turning in circles while listening to the sound of a small pipe or flute. During this ritual, they repeatedly cried out the word “Hai” or “Mai,” meaning “Alive,” which they regarded as one of the sacred attributes of God.

The repetition of this holy word was believed to create spiritual concentration and emotional devotion. Through music, movement, and constant chanting, the dervishes hoped to reach a state of spiritual ecstasy and closeness to God.

The Story of Their Founder

According to the traditions of the order, their founder practiced this devotion with such passion and intensity that he repeated the sacred word continuously and with enormous force.

The story claimed that he cried out “Hai” so fervently that a vein in his chest burst, and blood flowed onto the wall in the shape of the holy word itself. His followers regarded this event as a miraculous sign of divine love and spiritual devotion.

Because of this story, the dervishes carefully imitated the example of their founder in their own ceremonies.

Ceremonial Gatherings

During their rituals, the dervishes joined hands together in a circle while chanting the sacred word repeatedly. The ceremony combined rhythmic movement, music, and collective prayer.

These gatherings created a powerful emotional atmosphere that strengthened unity among the members of the order. The dervishes believed that through shared devotion and repetition of God’s name, the soul could rise above ordinary human experience and approach divine truth.

To outsiders, these ceremonies often appeared strange or extreme, but for the members they represented deep spiritual discipline and love for God.

The Rituals and Practices of the Kadri Dervishes

The Ceremony of Chanting

The Kadri dervishes were known for their intense and emotional religious ceremonies. During their gatherings, they repeatedly cried out the sacred word “Hai, Hai,” meaning “Alive,” which they believed referred to one of the divine attributes of God.

They repeated this word with such force, passion, and energy that many of them became physically exhausted. Some continued chanting and moving until they collapsed to the ground without strength, appearing almost lifeless or unconscious.

Those who were able to continue the longest were considered especially devoted and spiritually strong. After the ceremony, other members carried the exhausted men out of the chamber and allowed them to rest and recover from the strain of the exercise Istanbul Day Tours.

These ceremonies took place regularly, especially on Friday nights, and were regarded as acts of deep spiritual devotion.

Forty Days of Isolation

Every member of the order was also required once each year to complete a retreat lasting forty days. During this period, the dervish remained completely alone inside a small cell or room.

The person was separated from normal company and conversation so that he could devote himself entirely to prayer, meditation, and reflection. Silence and solitude were believed to purify the mind and strengthen spiritual understanding.

During the retreat, special attention was also given to dreams. The dervishes carefully observed and remembered the visions they experienced while sleeping. After the retreat ended, they reported these dreams to their superior or spiritual guide.

The leader of the order attempted to interpret the dreams and believed they could reveal hidden truths or even signs about future events.

Use of Intoxicating Substances

According to the account, some dervishes received permission from their superior to use strong drinks or intoxicating substances such as aqua vitae, opium, or other drugs that affected the mind.

The purpose of these substances was to increase emotional excitement and help the dervishes perform their ceremonies with greater energy and intensity. The order believed that such practices could assist them in reaching states of spiritual ecstasy and emotional devotion.

However, many outside observers strongly criticized these customs. Religious scholars often argued that intoxication distracted people from true spirituality and weakened self-control rather than strengthening devotion.

Reputation for Cleverness and Secrecy

The author describes these dervishes as intelligent, skillful in argument, and highly secretive. Their teachings and inner practices were usually shared only with members of their own order.

Because of this secrecy, outsiders often viewed them with suspicion and believed they used hidden knowledge to influence or deceive others.

Some people admired the dervishes for their discipline, mystical devotion, and emotional worship, while others accused them of hypocrisy and manipulation. Their unusual customs made them both respected and controversial within Ottoman society.

Mysticism and Public Opinion

Mystical religious groups often attracted strong opinions from both supporters and critics. Ordinary people were frequently fascinated by the ceremonies, dreams, and spiritual claims of the dervishes. Their dramatic rituals created an atmosphere of mystery and wonder.

At the same time, stricter religious authorities worried that such emotional practices might lead people away from traditional religious teachings and proper discipline.

The Kadri dervishes therefore occupied a complicated position in Ottoman religious life. They were admired for their devotion but also criticized for practices that many considered excessive or strange.

The Kadri Dervishes and Their Founder

Marriage and Daily Appearance

The members of the Kadri order were not forbidden to marry. Unlike some religious groups that required lifelong celibacy, the Kadri dervishes allowed marriage if a member wished to live an ordinary family life Istanbul Day Tours.

However, once a dervish married, he was no longer allowed to remain living inside the convent. He had to leave the religious community and live separately. After leaving, he could dress in whatever clothing he preferred.

Even so, married members often continued to wear black buttons on their clothes as a sign of their connection to the Kadri order.

Those who remained inside the convent dressed very simply. They wore a white cloak or mantle made from coarse cloth, showing humility and separation from luxury. Their hair was left unshaven, and they usually wore no hats or head coverings. They also walked barefoot as a symbol of poverty, discipline, and devotion.

In Constantinople, one of their important convents was located in the district of Tophane.

Abdul Kadir Ghilani, Founder of the Order

The founder of this religious order was Abdul Kadir Ghilani, one of the most famous spiritual teachers in the Islamic world. According to the account, he was born in the Islamic year 561 after the Hijra and died in the year 657.

Abdul Kadir was respected not only as a holy man but also as a scholar, lawyer, and philosopher. His learning and wisdom greatly increased his influence, and many students gathered around him to study religion and spirituality.

His followers admired him for his discipline, knowledge, and devotion to God. Over time, stories about his holiness spread throughout the Islamic world, and his teachings became the foundation of the Kadri order.

His Teacher and Learning

Abdul Kadir’s teacher was a scholar named Abdul Mumin Gazeh. This teacher was known for his learning and for writing important books.

Among his works were a book on Arabic grammar called Muorib and another work named Andalus. These books helped students study language, religion, and scholarship during that period.

The mention of these writings shows that the Kadri order valued education as well as spiritual devotion. Their leaders were expected to possess both religious knowledge and personal discipline.

Historical Events During His Lifetime

During the lifetime of Abdul Kadir Ghilani, the Islamic world experienced many political troubles and invasions. One important event mentioned in the account concerns Helaku, the son of Genghis Khan, who invaded the region around Babylon.

According to the story, Helaku ordered the death of a ruler named Alkami, who governed the city at that time. Alkami was accused of belonging to the Persian religious sect that the Ottoman Turks called “Bafizi,” meaning heretics.

The dispute centered on differences within Islam regarding the honor given to the early companions of the Prophet Muhammad.

Religious Differences Among Muslims

The group criticized in the account rejected the authority of Abu Bakr, Omar, and Osman, who were highly respected by Sunni Muslims and the Ottoman Turks. Sunni Muslims regarded these men as holy leaders and rightful successors to the Prophet Muhammad.

However, some Persian religious groups did not accept them in the same way and instead followed different religious traditions and beliefs.

These disagreements created serious tensions between various Muslim communities and sometimes led to accusations of heresy and political conflict.

Spiritual Practices and Beliefs of the Sufi Order

The Secret Prayer of the Convent Leader

The leader, or Prior, of this religious convent taught his disciples a special prayer that was considered very sacred. This prayer was whispered privately into the ears of each member so that no outsider could hear or understand it Istanbul Day Tours.

The followers were required to repeat this prayer constantly throughout the day with only short breaks. These breaks were allowed only for necessary daily needs.

The disciples believed that this prayer had great spiritual power. They thought that by repeating it continuously, they could receive divine visions and spiritual revelations from God. In their belief, the prayer helped them reach a higher spiritual state and gain insight into hidden truths.

Their Posture in Meditation

Like other Muslim mystics, the members of this order practiced a special posture during meditation. They would sit quietly with their heads lowered and their faces close to their chests.

This position was called murakaba. It was used to help them focus inwardly and avoid distractions from the outside world. By staying in this posture, they believed they could control wandering thoughts and concentrate fully on God.

The goal of this practice was to turn away from worldly desires and the temptations of physical life. Instead, they focused on spiritual reflection and the search for divine truth.

Their Belief in Miracles

Followers of this order often told many stories about the miracles performed by their spiritual master. These stories were passed down as proof of his holiness and divine favor.

One well-known story describes how their master once traveled to the city of Babylon. When the religious people and holy men of the city heard of his arrival, they came out to welcome him.

According to the story, one of them carried a bowl filled with water. The meaning of this action was symbolic. They said that just as the bowl was already full to the brim and could hold no more water, so too was their city already full of learned and religious people.

This was their way of honoring the spiritual knowledge and reputation of the visiting master.

Symbolism and Religious Meaning

Such stories were often symbolic rather than literal. They were used to express respect, admiration, and spiritual meaning rather than historical facts.

In many Sufi traditions, symbolic actions and stories were common. They helped explain religious ideas in simple forms that ordinary people could understand.

These narratives also showed the high value placed on spiritual knowledge, humility, and religious devotion in the society of that time.

The Order of Herewi (Hizrevi)

The Time of Sultan Orhan

During the reign of Orhan, the second king of the Turks, who ruled for thirty-five years, a famous holy man lived in the city of Bursa (then an important capital). Orhan ruled for a long period and died around the year 716 of the Hijra calendar.

In that time, a well-known religious figure named Herewi appeared. He was respected as a Santon, meaning a holy wandering mystic.

The Life of the Holy Man

Herewi lived a very simple and poor life. He spent his days walking through the streets and showing kindness to animals. One of his habits was to buy the organs and leftover parts of animals from butchers, such as livers and other parts, and give them as food to cats and dogs Istanbul Day Trip.

He believed that helping even the smallest creatures was a form of worship and mercy.

He lived with great humility, always crying and praying. People believed that his devotion was so strong that even angels would come down from heaven to witness his prayers and suffering.

The Meeting with Sultan Orhan

When Sultan Orhan heard about this holy man, he became curious and decided to meet him. He wanted to understand the truth about his life and behavior.

The Sultan spoke with Herewi and asked about his past. The holy man then told his story.

He explained that he was not always poor. In fact, he once lived like a king. He said he came from a noble line and once ruled great lands. He had armies, power, and wealth, and people feared his name.

He mentioned that he once controlled regions near the great rivers such as the Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris. He lived in luxury, wore fine clothes, and possessed precious stones and weapons.

But over time, he realized that all of this power and wealth was temporary and meaningless.

Turning Away from the World

After this realization, Herewi decided to leave his royal life. He gave up his throne, wealth, and authority. He chose instead to live in solitude and dedicate himself fully to God.

He believed that true peace comes not from power or riches, but from simplicity, prayer, and spiritual reflection.

The Sultan’s Reaction

Sultan Orhan was deeply impressed by this story. He became respectful and even humble in front of the holy man.

The Sultan said that people who appear strange or even mad might actually be blessed with special wisdom. He believed that such individuals might be closer to God than ordinary rulers or soldiers.

Because of this belief, many Turks began to respect holy fools and wandering mystics, thinking they might be spiritually inspired.

Criticism and Reputation of the Bektashi Order

Opposition from Religious Authorities

Despite its influence, the Bektashi order was strongly criticized by a group of strict religious scholars known as the Kadizadelis. They considered this order unacceptable and harmful to true religion.

One of their main criticisms was that Haji Bektash allowed his followers freedom in religious practice. In particular, he did not force them to strictly follow fixed prayer times. This flexibility was seen by critics as carelessness and weak discipline.

Because of this freedom, some people believed that the Janissaries, who were connected to the order, became less serious about their religious duties. They were often described as soldiers who were not very strict or devoted in their prayers Istanbul Day Trip.

Views on Faith and Belief

Some songs and sayings attributed to Haji Bektash include the idea that no one has truly seen God, and therefore no one can fully know Him. This idea was interpreted in different ways by different groups.

Strict religious scholars disagreed with such teachings and saw them as dangerous or misleading.

Because of these beliefs, many conservative Muslims called the Janissaries “kafir” or unbelievers. This was a strong accusation meaning that they were considered to be outside true faith.

Religious Legal Opinion (Fatwa)

A famous religious scholar and mufti named Ebussuud was once asked a legal question. The question was whether a Muslim would be punished if he called a Janissary an unbeliever.

The mufti answered that the real problem was deeper: anyone who considers a Janissary to be a true believer is himself acting incorrectly according to strict religious law. This shows how controversial the Janissaries and their religious associations were.

Bektashi Presence in Public Life

Members of the Bektashi order often appeared in public ceremonies and military parades. They were sometimes seen near the Janissary commander, known as the Janissary Agha.

During these events, they would shout the word “Hu” repeatedly, meaning “He (God) lives,” while sometimes carrying drawn daggers as part of their symbolic presence.

Criticism of Their Behavior

The author describes some members of the order in a very negative way, accusing them of immoral behavior and corruption. These claims reflect the strong bias of some historical writers and religious opponents.

Because of their close relationship with the Janissaries, the Bektashi order grew very large and influential. However, critics believed that this growth also increased moral problems within the military system.

Attempts at Reform

Some authorities tried to reduce the influence of the order and reform the military system. They saw the spread of these practices as a kind of “disease” affecting discipline in the army.

However, the process of reform was slow and difficult, and the influence of the Bektashi order continued for a long time.

The Religious Order and the Bektashi Tradition

Clothing and Appearance of the Followers

The members of this religious order wear white caps made of several pieces of cloth. Over these caps, they wrap turbans made of wool, twisted in the shape of a rope. This style of dress is simple and symbolic, showing humility and devotion.

They always observe the hours of prayer and perform their religious duties in their own gatherings. Their meetings are held in groups, where they pray together and remember God Istanbul Day Trip.

Their clothing is usually white, which represents purity. During their prayers, they praise the unity of God and often repeat the word “Hu,” which means “He lives.” This expression is used as a way of remembering God and showing devotion.

Through these practices, they believe they receive God’s grace and spiritual blessing.

The Followers and Influence of the Order

This Santon or holy leader is said to have many followers, even millions according to tradition. It is also mentioned that many members of the Janissaries, the Ottoman military corps, followed the same religious ideas.

Because of this connection, the order had both a spiritual and military influence within Ottoman society.

The Symbolic Story of the Sleeve

According to tradition, when the founder known as Haji Bektash died, he cut off one sleeve of his robe. He placed it on the head of one of his followers, letting part of it hang over the follower’s shoulders.

He then said that after this moment, they would become Janissaries, meaning members of a new military force.

From this symbolic act, it is believed that the Janissary corps took inspiration for their identity and traditions.

For this reason, Janissaries were said to wear caps that hang down at the back, similar in shape to a sleeve. This style of headwear is called “börk” or “yeniçeri headgear.”

Character of Haji Bektash

Haji Bektash is described as a very spiritual and respected figure. He was known for his kind personality, deep wisdom, and noble behavior.

People admired him greatly for his religious devotion and his influence on both spiritual and social life. His presence was considered calm, powerful, and inspiring.

Burial and Religious Centers

After his death, Haji Bektash was buried in the city of Kırşehir. This place later became an important religious center.

Many convents were built there, and his followers continued to live according to his teachings. They gathered in these places to pray, teach, and maintain the traditions of the order.

Bektashi Tradition and the Death of Sultan Murad

The Military Campaign in Serbia

During the time of the warlike Ottoman Sultan Murad I, the Ottoman army entered Serbia. In this campaign, Sultan Murad defeated Lazar, the ruler (Despot) of Serbia, in battle, and Lazar was killed during the fighting.

This event marked an important moment in Ottoman history, as it showed the expansion of Ottoman power into the Balkans.

Bektashi Preacher in the Ottoman Army

At that time, a Bektashi preacher served in the army of Sultan Murad. The Bektashi were a religious order that often accompanied soldiers and provided spiritual guidance Istanbul Day Trip.

This preacher is said to have warned the Sultan not to trust the Serbians too easily. He advised caution and careful judgment during the campaign.

However, Sultan Murad, trusting his own strength and confidence, did not fully follow this advice.

The Assassination of Sultan Murad

According to the story, a Serbian nobleman named Miloš was allowed to approach the Sultan under the excuse of showing respect and kissing his hand. However, he secretly carried a dagger.

When he came close enough, he suddenly attacked and stabbed Sultan Murad in the heart, killing him. This event is remembered as the assassination of the Sultan on the battlefield.

The sudden death of the Sultan shocked the Ottoman army and changed the course of events in the region.

The Fate of the Bektashi Preacher

The Bektashi preacher understood that the death of the Sultan would also bring danger to him, since he had been close to the ruler and had predicted the attack.

Realizing this, he did not try to escape. Instead, he accepted his fate and prepared for his own death calmly.

The White Cloak and Symbolic Gesture

Before his death, the preacher prepared a white robe with long sleeves. He offered this robe to his followers and admirers.

Those who respected him were asked to kiss the sleeves as a sign of obedience and loyalty to him and to his teachings.

This act became an important symbolic tradition among his followers.

The Origin of a Court Tradition

It is said that from this practice came the later custom of kissing the sleeve of the Ottoman Sultan (Grand Signior). This gesture was seen as a sign of respect, loyalty, and submission to authority.

The Convents and Appearance of the Edhem Order

Main Convents in Persia

The main convents of this religious order are found in the cities of Persia, especially in the region of Khorasan. These places serve as centers for prayer, teaching, and religious gathering for the followers of the order.

Although the order is respected in some regions, it is not widely spread in all parts of the Ottoman Empire. In cities such as Constantinople, there are only a few members of this group, while most of their followers live in Persia.

Because of this, detailed information about their rules and practices is limited compared to other more widespread religious orders Istanbul Tours Guide.

Clothing and Appearance

The members of this order wear simple and rough clothing. Their garments are usually made of thick, coarse cloth, showing their rejection of luxury and comfort.

On their heads, they wear a woolen cap, often wrapped with a turban. Around their necks, they wear a white linen cloth that is striped with red. This simple style of dress is meant to show humility and separation from worldly fashion.

Their appearance reflects their spiritual belief that simplicity is a form of devotion and discipline.

Beliefs About the Wilderness

Some followers of this order are said to believe that they can live peacefully even in dangerous and wild places. According to stories, they claim to have contact with wild animals such as lions and tigers, and they believe they can calm and tame them through spiritual power and divine assistance.

These accounts also include very imaginative claims, such as the ability to communicate with ancient prophets like Enoch in the wilderness. Such stories are considered mystical and symbolic rather than literal by many observers.

Because these ideas are unusual, they are often described as exaggerated or difficult to verify.

Limited Information in Constantinople

The author notes that there are only a small number of followers of this order in Constantinople. Since most members live in Persia, it is difficult to obtain detailed and reliable information about their complete rules and practices.

For this reason, much of what is known about the order comes from travelers, hearsay, or partial reports rather than direct observation.

Introduction to the Bektashi Order

Another important religious group mentioned is the Bektashi order. The founder of this order is not from ancient times, and he did not come from the traditional circle of early Arab saints or mystics.

Instead, he was originally an army preacher, someone who combined religious teaching with military life. He was known for being able to both fight in battle and preach religion.

This combination of spiritual and military roles made him different from many other religious leaders of his time.

The Founder Ibrahim Edhem and His Followers

The Founder of the Order

The original founder of this religious order was a man named Ibrahim Edhem. His followers and disciples told many stories about his life, although some of these stories are unclear or mixed with legend.

According to tradition, his father was a slave of Abyssinian origin. Ibrahim Edhem himself was said to have lived a remarkable and spiritual life, and many stories describe his journey from worldly power to complete devotion to God Istanbul Tours Guide.

His Early Life and Change

It is said that Ibrahim Edhem once met a king of Cairo and spoke with him. At that time, he was known as a polite, calm, and serious man. He always tried to please God and live a righteous life.

He spent much of his time in mosques, reading the Qur’an, and praying day and night. He often bowed his face to the ground in deep prayer and repeated words of devotion such as:

“O God, You have given me wisdom so that I clearly understand I am under Your guidance. Therefore, I give up all worldly power and choose a life of philosophy and holiness.”

These words show his strong desire to leave worldly ambitions and focus only on spiritual life.

His Example to Others

The servants and followers of Ibrahim Edhem saw his devotion and were deeply inspired by him. They began to imitate his way of life, leaving behind wealth, comfort, and social status.

They abandoned the luxuries and pride of the world and chose instead to live in solitude and self-discipline. Many of them gave their extra clothing and possessions to the poor and needy.

Through this act of charity, they believed they were purifying their souls and helping others at the same time.

Daily Life of the Followers

The followers of this order lived a very simple life. Their food usually consisted of barley bread, which they ate in small amounts. They also practiced fasting regularly as a form of spiritual discipline.

Fasting was considered an important way to control the body and strengthen the soul. It helped them focus more on prayer and reduce attachment to worldly desires.

Religious Practices and Leadership

The leaders of the order, especially the spiritual teachers known as priors, spent much of their time preaching and teaching. They explained religious lessons to their followers and encouraged them to live according to strict moral and spiritual rules.

Preaching and guidance were important parts of their role, as they were responsible for helping others stay on the path of devotion.

The Followers of the Kalenderi Santon

The Character of the Santon

The Santon, or holy man, described in the previous section was known for his strict and unusual way of life. He lived as a hermit, spent his time in prayer and music, and showed signs of extreme spiritual devotion. He was admired by some people for his dedication and simplicity.

However, his followers or disciples were very different from him in character and behavior.

The Lifestyle of His Followers

Unlike their master, the disciples of this Santon were known for living joyful and pleasure-seeking lives. They avoided sadness, worry, and all forms of serious reflection. Instead, they believed that life should be enjoyed without fear or concern for the future Istanbul Tours Guide.

Among them was a common saying:

“This day belongs to us; tomorrow belongs to whoever lives to see it.”

Because of this belief, they focused only on the present moment. They tried not to waste any time and believed that pleasure should be enjoyed fully while it was available.

Eating, Drinking, and Spending

The followers of this group spent much of their time eating, drinking, and enjoying physical pleasures. In order to support this lifestyle, they sometimes sold personal belongings such as stones from their belts, earrings, and bracelets.

When they visited the houses of wealthy or important people, they behaved in a friendly and entertaining way. They used pleasant words and cheerful behavior to encourage their hosts to give them generous hospitality.

Their goal was to be welcomed warmly and to enjoy food, drink, and comfort wherever they went.

Their View of Religion

The Kalenderi followers believed that enjoying life was also a form of worship. They thought that using God’s gifts, such as food and drink, freely and without restriction was a way of showing gratitude.

In their view, even taverns and places of drinking were not considered sinful. They believed these places could be “holy” in their own way, just like a mosque, because they were part of God’s creation.

They also believed that strict fasting, discipline, and hardship were not the only paths to spiritual truth. Instead, they followed a more relaxed and worldly interpretation of religion.

Criticism from Others

Many other Muslims strongly disagreed with these beliefs. Religious scholars criticized the Kalenderi lifestyle and considered it careless and improper.

Some even believed that their behavior brought harm to society and religious order. They argued that true religion should involve discipline, prayer, and moral control, not indulgence and excess.

A Historical Incident

According to a story told among Turks, in the year 615 of the Hijra, Christians were able to take control of Jerusalem. Some people claimed that this happened because the leader of the Kalenderi order in the city was found drunk during the attack.

Whether this story is true or not is uncertain, but it was used by critics to show the dangers of careless behavior among religious leaders.

The Santon Kalenderi and the Mystical Musician

Historical Background

During the time of Sultan Mahomet II and his descendants, the Ottoman Empire was divided among his sons. One son ruled Cairo, while others governed Damascus, Jerusalem, and regions such as Diyarbakir. Each prince received different parts of the empire to rule after the division of the lands.

This political period was also a time when many religious figures, mystics, and wandering dervishes lived throughout the region. Among them were individuals known as “Santon” or holy men, who devoted their lives entirely to religion and spiritual practice Istanbul Tours Guide.

The Holy Man and His Music

In this period, there was a famous holy man who constantly repeated the name of God through the sound of a flute or pipe. He used music as a form of devotion and spiritual expression.

However, his music was not cheerful or entertaining in the usual sense. Instead, his melodies were slow, sad, and filled with deep emotion. He often played while crying, and his music was accompanied by sighs and tears.

His followers believed that through this emotional music, he could feel closer to God and express deep spiritual truths that words alone could not describe.

His Spiritual Life and Appearance

This holy man was known as a hermit, meaning he lived alone and separated from normal society. In Arabic, he was called “Abdal.”

He lived a very simple and difficult life. He went without a hat, wore no proper clothing except a rough animal skin over his shoulders, and often appeared wounded or injured on his body. This was seen as a sign of his extreme devotion and rejection of worldly comfort.

At his waist, he carried a polished stone instead of valuable jewelry. On his wrists, instead of diamonds or gold, he wore imitation jewels that still shone brightly. These simple objects reflected his rejection of wealth and luxury.

His Role as a Santon Kalenderi

This man was known as a Santon of the Kalenderi order, a group of wandering mystics who often lived outside normal religious discipline. He was always singing Arabic poems and religious songs, combining music with spiritual devotion.

His performances were highly artistic and carefully composed, showing both musical skill and deep emotional feeling.

Because of his style of worship and his musical talent, many people compared him to the Prophet David, who was also known in religious tradition as a singer and psalmist.

Reputation and Influence

The Santon Kalenderi was admired by some people for his devotion, musical talent, and spiritual intensity. His emotional style of worship made him appear deeply connected to divine truth.

However, his unusual appearance and way of life also made him different from more traditional religious scholars and leaders. Some people respected him as a saint, while others viewed his behavior as strange or unconventional.

The Babylon Story and the Order of the Kalenderi

The Story of Hospitality in Babylon

According to the story, when a respected religious master arrived in the city of Babylon, there was supposedly no proper place prepared to receive him. The people of the city were said to have been proud of their own scholars and religious men, and they believed that they already had enough learned and holy figures among them Istanbul Tours Guide.

Because of this attitude, they were seen as unwilling to show proper hospitality to the newcomer.

The Wise Response of the Visitor

In response, the visiting man, described as a clever and wise teacher, tried to correct their behavior through a symbolic act. He first raised his hands toward the sky, showing respect and connection to God. Then he bent down and picked up a leaf, placing it on the surface of the water that filled a bowl.

This simple action carried a symbolic meaning. The leaf floating on the water represented wisdom and humility placed upon knowledge and pride.

Through this symbolic gesture, he showed that true wisdom can exist even in the smallest and simplest things. It also suggested that spiritual truth cannot be limited or closed off by pride or arrogance.

The Lesson of the Story

The result of this act was important. The people of Babylon understood the meaning of his symbolic demonstration. They recognized that their earlier behavior had been unkind and lacking in respect.

As a result, they changed their attitude and began to admire the visitor. They accepted him warmly and, according to the story, honored him greatly. Eventually, they even appointed him as a leader or superior among their religious groups.

This story was later repeated as an example of wisdom, humility, and the power of symbolic actions in religious teaching.

Introduction to the Kalenderi Order

The Kalenderi Order was another religious group within the wider world of Ottoman dervishes. However, unlike many other Sufi orders that focused on strict discipline, fasting, and spiritual control, the Kalenderi were known for a much more unusual lifestyle.

Some writers described them as being similar to Epicureans, meaning people who lived for pleasure and comfort rather than strict religious discipline. However, this comparison was often made in a critical or disapproving tone.

Their Way of Life

The Kalenderi dervishes were known for behaving in a very open and unconventional manner. Unlike other religious groups that emphasized modesty and restraint, they often lived freely and did not hide their customs from the public.

They did not always follow strict rules of appearance or behavior. Instead, they believed in a different interpretation of spiritual life, which allowed more personal freedom.

Because of this, many traditional religious scholars viewed them as controversial or even inappropriate in their practices.

The Spiritual Life of Nimetullah and His Followers

The Character of Nimetullah

According to one of his devoted followers, Nimetullah was a man completely dedicated to truth, prayer, and spiritual discipline. He tried to control the desires of the body and refused to follow the temptations of worldly pleasures and physical appetite Istanbul Day Tour.

His followers believed that he possessed deep wisdom and understood the hidden nature of all living things. Through constant worship and meditation, he devoted his life entirely to the service of God.

The admirer who described him spoke of Nimetullah with great respect and admiration, presenting him as an example of perfect holiness and spiritual purity.

A Life of Prayer and Meditation

Nimetullah was said to spend nearly all his time in prayer, reflection, and religious devotion. His mind was continually focused on spiritual matters and the search for divine truth.

According to tradition, he dedicated himself so completely to contemplation that he often entered states of ecstasy and spiritual rapture. In these moments, his followers believed that he became spiritually close to God and experienced divine revelations.

Such mystical experiences were highly valued among many dervish orders. They believed that through intense devotion, prayer, and self-discipline, a person could reach a higher spiritual condition beyond ordinary human understanding.

His Way of Living

Unlike some other religious groups, Nimetullah did not follow extremely strict rules about food or fasting. He ate whatever foods God had made lawful for human nourishment and did not believe that holiness depended entirely upon severe diets or constant fasting.

However, even though he did not practice excessive abstinence from food, he remained devoted to worship day and night. His followers claimed that his life was still marked by simplicity, humility, and spiritual discipline.

Even during sleep, he was described as maintaining dignity and self-control. His followers compared ordinary people to animals resting carelessly in stables, while Nimetullah was portrayed as always mindful of God, even while resting.

Fear and Reverence Toward God

The stories about Nimetullah often emphasized his deep fear and reverence for God. It was said that thoughts of divine majesty caused him to tremble, and his face sometimes became pale and sorrowful because of his awareness of God’s greatness and power.

This fear was not understood as terror alone, but as a form of deep spiritual respect and humility before the Creator.

According to his followers, very few people could ever reach the same level of spiritual perfection or gain such intimate knowledge of divine mysteries and secrets.

Worship Gatherings of the Order

The followers of this religious order gathered together every Monday night for worship and devotion. During these meetings, they praised the unity and greatness of God through hymns, prayers, and sacred songs.

These ceremonies created a strong sense of community and spiritual unity among the members. Singing and collective worship were believed to help purify the soul and strengthen devotion.

Their gatherings reflected the mystical traditions common among many dervish orders, where music, prayer, and remembrance of God were joined together as forms of spiritual practice.

The Nakshibendi and Nimetullahi Religious Orders

Praise for the Nakshibendi Order

Among the religious orders of the Ottoman world, the Nakshibendi order was highly respected by many people for its discipline, devotion, and spiritual teachings. In praise of this order, the following verses were written in the Persian language:

“If you wish to find in this world a true and perfect hero,

become a Nakshibendi, for he is the true servant of God.”

These lines express the admiration many people felt for the members of this religious community. The Nakshibendi dervishes were seen as examples of humility, obedience, and devotion to God. Their followers believed that true greatness was not found in wealth, power, or military strength, but in spiritual discipline and service to religion Istanbul Day Tour.

Claims of Spiritual Purity

The Nakshibendi followers considered themselves spiritually pure and deeply devoted to religious life. They believed that through prayer, fasting, meditation, and self-discipline, the soul could rise above worldly concerns and become closer to God.

Some members claimed to experience spiritual visions and mystical states that allowed them to feel spiritually connected to holy places without physically traveling there.

Because of this belief, certain followers thought they were not required to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the important duties in Islam. They argued that their souls, through divine inspiration and spiritual ecstasy, could already perceive and experience the holiness of Mecca even while remaining inside their convents or cells.

Criticism from Other Muslims

Despite their reputation for holiness, many ordinary Muslims regarded these beliefs as dangerous or heretical. Critics argued that no amount of spiritual experience could replace the religious obligation of pilgrimage.

To traditional religious scholars, claiming spiritual superiority over established religious law appeared proud and improper. As a result, many people accused these dervishes of departing from orthodox Islamic teaching.

This tension between mystical spirituality and traditional religious law was common in the Ottoman Empire. Mystical orders often emphasized personal spiritual experience, while religious scholars focused more on obedience to established rules and practices.

The Nimetullahi Order

Among the groups connected to the larger Chalveti tradition was the Nimetullahi order. This community began during the Islamic year 777 of the Hijra and took its name from its founder, Nimetullah.

Nimetullah became famous for both his religious teachings and his strict way of life. He lived during the reign of Sultan Mehmed, the son of Bayezid, who was known among the Turks by the title “Yildirim,” meaning “Thunderbolt.”

The founder of the Nimetullahi order gained great respect among ordinary people because of his learning, wisdom, and moral discipline.

Nimetullah as Physician and Holy Man

Besides being a religious teacher, Nimetullah was also known as a skilled physician. Many people admired him not only for his knowledge of medicine but also for his spiritual virtues.

Stories about holy men often combined physical healing with spiritual authority, and Nimetullah’s reputation grew because people believed he possessed both wisdom and holiness.

According to followers of his order, he lived a severe and disciplined life, avoiding luxury and worldly pleasures. His students admired him greatly and spoke about him with deep respect and devotion.