The Difficult Condition of Wallachia

The state and condition of the province of Wallachia has been no better, and in many ways worse, than that of Moldavia. Like Moldavia, Wallachia eventually came under the full control and possession of the Ottoman Empire. However, this did not happen all at once. At first, the country became tributary to the Turks while still being ruled by its own native princes.

Wallachia first agreed to pay tribute during the time of Sultan Bayezid. Although the country kept its own rulers, it recognized the authority of the Ottoman Sultan and paid regular taxes as a sign of submission Private Tours Balkan.

The Conquest Under Mehmed the Great

In the year 1462, Sultan Mehmed the Great attempted the complete conquest of Wallachia. At that time, the country was governed by its Voivode, Wladus (often identified with Vlad). During this period, internal division weakened the province. Wladus had a younger brother who, with the support of the Tatars and a political faction within Wallachia, claimed the principality for himself.

This younger brother was willing to accept the position of vassal to the Ottoman Empire. By accepting Ottoman authority, he secured his rule, but at the cost of the country’s independence. Such internal rivalries made it easier for the Ottomans to extend their influence.

War and Resistance in 1595

Later, in the year 1595, Michael the Voivode of Wallachia attempted to resist Ottoman control. He formed alliances with Sigismund of Transylvania and with the Voivode of Moldavia. Together, they fought a long and fierce war against the Ottoman Empire.

For a time, this alliance brought hope of freedom. However, the struggle was exhausting and filled with constant unrest. Political revolutions, internal disputes, and rival factions weakened the resistance. Instead of uniting strongly against a common enemy, divisions continued to damage their cause.

The Loss of Independence

As a result of these internal conflicts and long wars, Wallachia gradually lost its remaining independence. It became fully subject to the Ottoman Empire and was treated as an additional province under its power.

The Ottoman authorities placed a heavy yoke upon the land. Strict control, high tribute, and strong political supervision limited the freedom of the people. The author of the original text suggests that this misfortune was not only political but also a form of divine justice. According to this view, the suffering of these Christian provinces came partly from their own negligence, division, and lack of unity.

While they were divided by quarrels and internal disputes, their powerful enemy waited patiently for the right moment to act. When weakness appeared, the Ottoman Empire moved in and secured control. Thus, Wallachia’s condition became a warning of how internal conflict can open the door to foreign domination.

The Annual Tribute of Moldavia

The following account of Moldavia’s tribute was reported by a man who had worked for many years as an agent for the Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia and Wallachia under Ottoman authority. According to his information, the yearly tribute paid by Moldavia was as follows:

To the Grand Signior (Sultan): 120 purses of money. Each purse contained 500 dollars, making a total of 60,000 dollars per year.

10,000 okes of wax, each oke equal to about two and a half English pounds Private Tours Balkan.

10,000 okes of honey.

600 quintals of tallow for use in the Imperial Arsenal.

500 ox hides.

500 pieces of canvas, used for clothing, shirts for slaves, and other needs of the galleys.

1,330 okes of wax for the service of the Arsenal.

To the Chief Vizier: 10 purses (5,000 dollars) and a sable fur for a vest.

To the Vizier’s chief steward (Rabia): 1 purse (500 dollars).

To the Defterdar (Lord Treasurer): 1 purse (500 dollars).

This was the regular and official tribute that Moldavia paid each year to show its obedience to the Sultan.

Extra Demands and Hidden Costs

It would have been fortunate if this had been the full cost. However, there were many additional and unexpected expenses. Special missions were often invented simply to demand more money and gifts from the province. These extra payments sometimes equaled or even doubled the official yearly tribute.

In addition, the position of Prince of Moldavia was not permanent. It was usually granted for three years and was, in effect, sold to the highest bidder.

The Price of Becoming Prince

To receive the principality, the following payments were required:

To the Grand Signior: 150 purses (75,000 dollars).

To the Valide Sultan (Queen Mother): 50 purses (25,000 dollars).

To the Sultan’s favorite: 10 purses (5,000 dollars).

To the Chief Black Eunuch (Kızlar Ağa): 10 purses.

To the Prime Vizier and other officers: as much money as they could demand in negotiation.

This large sum was usually borrowed at very high interest, sometimes 40 or 50 percent, and in some cases the debt had to be doubled if not paid quickly.

The Burden on the People

Because many princes had no personal fortune, these debts were placed upon the country itself. The people were heavily taxed and oppressed to repay the borrowed money, the interest, and the annual tribute. The land was stripped of its wealth to satisfy both the Ottoman officials and the prince’s own needs.

The prince also needed to secure his future. After leaving office, he wanted enough wealth to live in comfort according to his former rank. This desire often led to greed and harsh taxation. Many of these princes came from humble backgrounds and, once in power, tried to collect as much money as possible.

In addition, they had to offer yearly gifts to powerful Ottoman ministers to ensure protection for themselves and their property. In this way, Moldavia suffered under heavy financial burdens, not only from official tribute but also from constant demands and corruption.

Plans to Change the Government

Several times, the Ottoman authorities considered changing the system of government in these three provinces. There were discussions about placing them directly under the control of Turkish Pashas, instead of allowing them to be ruled by local Christian princes. This change would have gone against the original agreements, or capitulations, made when these provinces first accepted Ottoman rule.

According to those early agreements, the provinces were allowed to keep a certain level of self-government under their own princes, as long as they paid tribute and remained loyal to the Sultan. However, over time, some Ottoman leaders thought it might be better to rule them more directly.

In the end, they decided not to make this change. The existing system was seen as more profitable and more useful for the interests of the empire Private Tours Balkan.

Christians Governing Christians

Under the current system, Christian princes ruled over Christian people, but these princes were appointed and controlled by the Ottoman Empire. This arrangement had certain advantages for the Turks. When oppression or heavy taxation took place, it was often carried out by a Christian ruler against his own people.

In this way, Christians became the instruments of suffering for their own brothers. Outrages, heavy taxes, and acts of injustice could be carried out more boldly. The Ottoman authorities could also send Turkish officers on profitable missions whenever they wished. These officials often found opportunities for personal gain.

Because the local prince had limited power and depended on the Sultan for his position, he was more likely to collect heavy taxes and demand payments in order to secure his own wealth and favor.

Why a Pasha Was Not Appointed

If a Turkish Pasha had been appointed as governor, the situation might have been different. A Pasha, as an official of the Ottoman state, would have considered it his duty and honor to protect the people under his rule. His reputation and authority would have been connected to their safety and order.

In that case, the provinces might have suffered less from extortion and violence. A Pasha might have acted as a true protector and patron. This could have reduced some of the misery and injustice.

However, from the Ottoman point of view, the present condition was more beneficial. As long as the provinces remained weak, divided, and dependent, they were easier to control. The people were allowed to imagine that direct Ottoman rule under a Pasha would be gentler and more just. But in reality, they were kept in a state of hardship, which better served the political and financial interests of the empire.

Thus, the system remained unchanged, not for the good of the people, but for the advantage of the state.

Lands of Constant War

These provinces have long been known as places of great struggle and suffering. In many wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Christian powers of Europe, these lands became battlefields. They were often described as the graves and cemeteries of many Turkish soldiers, because so many armies fought and died there.

In modern times, these regions became the stage for many tragic wars. The people defended themselves with courage and determination. They fought with as much bravery and skill as could be expected, especially when facing such an unequal enemy. On one side stood single, smaller provinces with limited resources. On the other side stood the vast and powerful Ottoman Empire, with its large armies and wealth.

Despite their courage, these provinces could not resist forever. After many years of war, loss, and destruction, they were finally forced to surrender Private Tours Balkan.

From Independent Princes to Ottoman Control

In the past, these lands had their own natural rulers. Their princes inherited their positions through lawful family lines. However, once the Ottoman Empire gained control, this system changed. The Sultan removed the true line of local princes and replaced them with new rulers of his own choosing.

These new princes were usually Christians of the Greek Orthodox Church. However, their religion was often the only qualification they had. The Ottoman authorities did not always consider their education, experience, wealth, or ability to govern. In many cases, the Sultan deliberately chose men of low background and little importance.

The official sign of the Sultan’s approval was the giving of the “Standard,” a banner that confirmed the new prince’s authority. Sometimes this symbol of power was given to men who had once been tavern keepers, fishmongers, or workers in other humble professions. By raising such men to high office, the Ottoman rulers weakened the respect that the people had for their governors.

Rule Through Humiliation and Weak Leadership

This policy may have been intentional. By appointing men of low status and little skill, the Ottoman Empire ensured that the provinces would remain weak and dependent. These governors often lacked the wisdom and ability needed for good leadership. As a result, corruption, injustice, and oppression became common.

The people of these lands suffered greatly. They were no longer simply tributaries paying taxes. They were treated as subjects and, in many ways, as servants of a foreign power. Their political freedom was lost, and their leaders often lacked both honor and competence.

In this way, provinces that had once been proud and brave became controlled territories under the strong hand of the Ottoman Empire.

Wealth and Change Among the Tatars

In earlier times, the Tatars were known for their simple and hard way of life. They lived in modest huts and wore plain woolen cloaks. However, after bringing great riches from their wars in Poland and earning large profits from the slave markets, some of them began to change their lifestyle.

With their new wealth, many Tatars gave up their simple clothing and began to wear expensive furs, such as sable. Others, who were more careful with their money, chose to build proper houses instead of living in poor huts. This showed that wealth was slowly changing their traditional way of life.

Yet not all used their riches wisely. Some became wasteful and careless. They spent their money on strong alcoholic drinks and on a popular drink called “Boza,” which was made from a type of grain. When drunk in large amounts, it could cause intoxication. This drink later became common among the Turks as well. Some Tatars gave themselves over to heavy eating and drinking. They lived in idleness, caring only for a full stomach and an easy life, without discipline or moderation Balkan Tours.

The End of the Tatar Discussion

This is enough to explain the relationship between the Tatars and the Ottoman government. Their political position, customs, and daily life have been described in greater detail in other books. What is clear is that they were both useful allies and dangerous neighbors, serving the Ottoman Empire in war while also living by raiding and trade.

The Tributary Princes of the Ottoman Empire

The strength of an empire is not measured only by the number of provinces it controls or the many governors and officials it appoints. It is also measured by the number of rulers who pay tribute to it. These tributary princes keep part of their lands and wealth, but they must give a large portion to a stronger power in order to avoid destruction.

Such was the case with the rulers of Moldavia, Wallachia, Transylvania, and Ragusa. These lands were caught between powerful neighbors: the Emperor of Germany, the King of Poland, and the Ottoman Sultan. For many years, they suffered from long wars and constant fighting. They were also weakened by internal conflicts and betrayal among their own leaders.

In the end, exhausted and divided, they surrendered themselves to the protection and control of the Ottoman Empire. Although they were not fully conquered provinces, they became tributary states. They had to pay heavy taxes and obey the Sultan’s demands. Their situation was often very difficult, and they were among the most oppressed of all the Sultan’s subjects.

Like Bees and Sheep

The condition of these provinces can be compared to bees and sheep. The Ottoman ruler allowed them to live and work, but mainly for his own benefit. Like bees that produce honey and sheep that give wool, these lands were valued for the wealth they produced. Their taxes and payments were carefully collected.

If their obedience was ever doubted, the Sultan could even allow Tatar raids into their lands. The Tatars would carry away goods and captives, and later sell some of these same people as slaves within the Ottoman territories. In this way, the suffering of these provinces could become even greater.

The Former Dacians

These three provinces were once part of ancient Dacia. In Roman times, the Dacians were known as brave and warlike people. Roman writers such as Virgil and Juvenal mentioned their strength and courage. They resisted Roman power for a long time before finally being defeated.

Over the centuries, however, their independence was lost. Surrounded by powerful empires and weakened by internal problems, they became tributaries of the Ottoman Sultan, paying for peace with their wealth and freedom.

Ancient Description of the Sarmatians

Ancient writers described the Sarmatians, who are often connected with the Tatars, as brave and powerful horsemen. A Latin historian explained that their courage seemed to exist mainly when they were fighting on horseback. In battle, when they arrived in groups of cavalry, almost no army could stand against them. However, when they were forced to fight on foot, they appeared weak and ineffective.

The writer also noted a strange contrast in their nature. The same men who seemed slow and lazy in quiet times became active and fierce in war. They disliked rest and peace, but they were full of energy in battle. Their strength was closely connected to their horses, and their way of life depended on speed, movement, and constant activity Balkan Tours.

Their Hard and Simple Way of Life

The Tatars lived a very hard life. Their food was simple and often rough. They especially ate horse meat. When a horse died during a march, they did not carefully check whether the animal had been sick, overheated, or exhausted. Instead, they quickly cut the meat and shared it among their companions.

One of their unusual cooking methods was to place the meat under their saddles while riding. During the long ride, the heat of the horse and the rider, along with the movement of the journey, softened and warmed the meat. By the evening, they believed it was ready to eat. What might seem strange to others was considered normal and even suitable for the table of their prince.

In addition to meat, they ate herbs, roots, and wild plants. Much of their food was eaten raw or only slightly prepared. They depended on what the earth naturally provided, without much use of fire or cooking.

Their Strong and Enduring Horses

Just as the men were used to hardship, their horses were also strong and patient animals. The horses could endure hunger, cold, and long journeys. During the severe winters of their homeland, when the ground was covered with deep snow, the horses survived by eating tree bark and any grass they could find under the snow.

These hardy animals were the key to Tatar power. Without their horses, they would not have been able to travel so quickly or fight so effectively.

Villages and Military Organization

The Tatars did not live in large cities. Their towns were more like villages made up of simple huts. These huts were built from sticks and covered with coarse cloth made from animal hair. They were light and easy to construct, fitting their mobile way of life.

It is said that there were as many as two hundred thousand such villages. When war was declared, their custom was to send one man from each village. In this way, they could quickly gather a very large army. Their simple living, strong horses, and organized system allowed them to form powerful forces in a short time.

The Capture of Thousands of Prisoners

In one single year, the Tatars were said to have captured one hundred and sixty thousand people. This number was reported by those who had seen official certificates given for each captive. For every person taken, a document was prepared and recorded. These certificates listed the name, country, and age of the captive.

The reason for this system was simple. The Tatar warrior was often a free-booter, meaning he lived by raiding and taking whatever he could. However, he was not allowed to capture and sell people who were already subjects of the Ottoman Empire. To prevent cheating, the Tatars had to prove that their captives were taken from enemy lands. Without these documents, they could not legally sell their prisoners to Ottoman buyers.

This careful record-keeping shows that even in violent times, there were rules between the Ottoman Empire and the Tatars. The Sultan wanted to make sure that his own people were not enslaved by mistake or by greed Balkan Tours.

The Tatars as Hunters of the Steppe

The Tatars were often compared to a jackal that hunts for a lion. In this image, the Ottoman Sultan was the lion, and the Tatars were the hunters who found and gathered the prey. They made fast and sudden attacks into neighboring lands.

Sometimes they traveled for ten or twelve days without causing any damage on their outward journey. However, when they turned back toward their own country, they attacked with great speed and violence. They robbed villages, burned towns, and captured men, women, and children of every age. Their return was like a flood that destroyed everything in its path.

Each Tatar warrior usually led three or four horses. These extra horses were used to carry captives and stolen goods. Because they changed horses often, they could travel very quickly, day and night, with only short rests. Their speed made it almost impossible for a regular army to catch them. An army that was organized could not move fast enough, and one that moved quickly was often too disordered to fight them properly.

The Fate of the Captives

The journey was cruel for the prisoners. Those who were wounded or too weak to continue were killed. Only the strong survived the long march back to Tatar lands. Once there, many were sold to Ottoman traders who came to buy slaves. The slave trade was one of the most profitable activities in Tatary.

Young boys and girls were sold for the highest prices. Beautiful girls were especially valued and treated like rare jewels. Sadly, many of them suffered abuse even before they were sold.

The Ancient Identity of the Tatars

In ancient times, these people were known as the Sarmatians. They were famous for their skill on horseback. They were powerful riders and brave fighters in open lands. However, they were not skilled in fighting on foot. The Roman historian Tacitus described them in this way, saying they were strong in cavalry but weak in infantry.

For many centuries, the Tatars remained known for their speed, horsemanship, and fierce raids across the plains.

The Relationship Between the Ottoman Empire and the Tatars

The people described in this text are the Tatars, who were considered close allies and almost like brothers to the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. According to an ancient agreement, if the Ottoman ruling family ever had no male heir, the Tatar ruler could claim the empire. Although this possibility was very distant and almost imaginary, it still had an important effect. It helped keep the Tatar ruler loyal and respectful toward the Ottoman Sultan.

This situation can be compared to a young man who hopes to inherit a large estate. Even if the inheritance is uncertain, the hope of gaining it makes him obedient and polite to the older man who may leave him his property. In the same way, the Tatar ruler remained loyal to the Ottoman Sultan because of the small but important possibility of future power.

Obedience and Communication

The Tatar ruler, known as the Khan, was obedient to the Ottoman Sultan just like other subjects of the empire. However, the Sultan did not rule the Tatars in the same direct way as he ruled other provinces. Instead of giving direct commands, he managed relations through official letters Balkan Tours.

These letters were very powerful. They carried the will and authority of the Grand Signior (another title for the Ottoman Sultan). Even though they were not always formal imperial decrees with official seals and signatures, they were treated as valid and binding orders. In this way, the Sultan maintained influence over the Tatar lands without constant direct control.

Military Obligations of the Tatars

There was also a clear military agreement between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Tatary. According to this old agreement, whenever the Sultan personally led the army to war, the Tatar Khan was required to join him in person. He had to bring a large force of one hundred thousand soldiers.

If the Sultan did not go himself and instead sent the Grand Vizier or another general to lead the campaign, the Tatar Khan’s duty was lighter. In that case, he needed to send forty or fifty thousand soldiers. These troops were usually led by his son or by an important officer of his kingdom. The Tatar soldiers were not paid regular wages by the Ottoman treasury. Instead, they supported themselves through the booty and plunder they gained during war.

The Tatar Raids in 1669

In the year 1669, during the war between the Ottoman Empire and Hungary, the Tatars were called to support the Ottoman army. They carried out large and destructive raids into Hungary, as well as into Moravia and Silesia. They attacked many cities and towns, burning and looting as they advanced.

During these campaigns, the Tatars captured and carried away a great number of people as prisoners. These raids spread fear across the region and showed how powerful and mobile the Tatar cavalry could be. Their actions played an important role in supporting Ottoman military efforts, even though they often acted with great violence.

The relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the Tatars was based on ancient agreements, shared interests, and military cooperation. Although the Tatars had a certain level of independence, they remained loyal to the Sultan. Their hope of possible future inheritance and their duty to provide military support kept them closely tied to the Ottoman state. Through letters, agreements, and joint military campaigns, this alliance remained strong for many years.

The Tartar Peoples Under Ottoman Influence

The Vrecopentian Tartars live in Taurica Chersonesus, now known as Crimea. The main city there is Theodosia, today called Cafa. The Stagantian Tartars live by the Palus Meotis, between the Volga and Tanais rivers. These groups count as subjects—or at least close allies—of the Ottoman Empire.

Only the city of Cafa, out of all these lands, is directly under Turkish control and government. In my view, Cafa serves as a warning post and a guarantee of their loyalty. The Han, or prince, of this country is elected. But he must come from the true royal family line. The Grand Signior—the Ottoman Sultan—always confirms the choice. The Sultan also claims the power to remove a Han. He can replace a lazy father with his son or the next in line. This happens if the Han fails to send troops for war or shows any disrespect to the Ottoman court.

The Current Han and His Path to Power

The present Han, Mahomet Ghirei (the family surname), followed the custom of the eldest son. While his father lived, he stayed as a hostage in the Turkish town of Janboli. This place is in Thrace, four days’ journey from Adrianople. It sits on the Euxine, or Black Sea Balkan Tours.

Later, due to fears of him being too close to his homeland, they moved him to Rhodes. There, he lived a quiet, sad life until his father died. Then, he was called back to Constantinople. They girded him with a sword, and he swore loyalty to the Grand Signior. He went through all the usual ceremonies for a royal start.

Tensions and Refusal of Old Customs

Once settled in his kingdom, Mahomet Ghirei remembered his hard times on Rhodes. He resented the pride of the Ottoman Emperor. With advice from Poles and nearby Tartars, he saw it as shameful. Why should such an old and strong people send their heir as a hostage to neighbors?

So, this prince refused that part of submission. The Vizier Kupriuli complained about it many times. But with no way to fix it, he chose to ignore the issue for now.

Broader Context of Ottoman-Tartar Ties

This setup shows the clever politics of the Turks. They kept control without full conquest. Cafa acted like a key fortress, ensuring aid in wars. The Han’s election from one family kept things stable, but the Sultan’s approval meant real power stayed in Istanbul.

Mahomet Ghirei’s story highlights cracks in this system. Hostages built loyalty but bred resentment. By the 17th century, when this was written, Crimean Tartars were vital Ottoman allies against Russia and Poland. They raided for slaves and troops. Yet, leaders like Ghirei pushed for more independence.

Kupriuli, a powerful vizier under Sultan Mehmed IV, focused on reform. He tolerated the hostage refusal to avoid war. It was smart—picking battles wisely kept the alliance alive.

Today, we see echoes in modern Crimea. Once Tartar heartland, it’s now disputed between Ukraine and Russia. History reminds us how empires used pledges and customs to hold far lands.

The Desolation of Asia and the Strength of the Ottoman Empire

At first sight, it may seem strange to say that the destruction and ruin which the Turks made in their own Asian provinces helped to preserve their Empire. This idea appears to be a paradox. Many people who have studied the Roman Empire may question it. The Romans ruled over lands even larger than those of the Ottomans, yet they did not try to empty and destroy the countries they conquered. Instead, they followed a very different policy.

The Roman Way of Governing

The Romans encouraged growth and improvement in their provinces. They supported agriculture and helped develop trade in coastal cities. They gave privileges to towns that were small or weak. They invited settlers to live in new areas and helped improve land that was not well cultivated. They also made citizens of their allies and sometimes treated conquered people better than their former rulers had done.

Because of this wise policy, the Roman Empire became rich and strong. The Romans understood that prosperity in the provinces meant strength for the whole Empire. They ruled with laws that limited the power of their leaders. As their territory expanded, they adjusted their methods according to the needs, customs, and traditions of the people they governed. By generosity and careful administration, they made many nations accept Roman rule willingly Travel Bulgaria.

The Ottoman Method

The Ottoman Empire, however, was built in a very different way. Its foundation, growth, and principles were not the same as those of Rome. The Ottoman state began as a military power. It expanded mainly through war. The sword was the chief instrument of its success, and the same instrument was often used to maintain control.

In some distant parts of Asia, far from the imperial capital, the Ottomans allowed lands to become poor and thinly populated. They sometimes destroyed rebellious regions, removed people from their homes, and transferred them to other areas. By weakening local populations, they reduced the risk of revolt. Empty or ruined lands were less likely to produce strong resistance.

Fear as a Tool of Control

Unlike the Romans, who relied on law and shared benefits, the Ottomans often relied on fear. Harsh punishment, executions, and forced migrations were used to secure obedience. In this system, desolation itself became a method of rule. A land that was unable to rise in rebellion was easier to control.

Thus, what seems at first to be harmful to an empire—the destruction of its own provinces—was, in this case, considered useful. The Ottoman rulers believed that strength came not from prosperity alone, but from strict discipline and the prevention of disorder. In this way, the ruin of some distant regions was seen as one cause of the Empire’s preservation.

The Meaning of the “Seven Banners”

This small republic was sometimes called “the Seven Banners.” This name had a special meaning. It suggested that, in order to remain free in name, the people were willing to serve many powerful rulers. They preferred to protect their independence through submission and careful diplomacy rather than through war.

In other words, they accepted the authority of stronger states when necessary. They paid tribute, offered gifts, and showed loyalty to powerful empires. By doing this, they were able to keep their own government and avoid destruction. Though they were small and weak in military strength, they survived by wisdom and patience Holidays Bulgaria.

A Government Built on Jealous Caution

The government of this republic was organized in a very unusual and careful way. It was based on strong suspicion and fear of conspiracy. The leaders believed that if one man held power for too long, he might attempt to betray the city or become too powerful.

For this reason, their chief officer, who was similar to the Doge of Venice, remained in office for only one month. Other officials were changed every week. Even more surprising, the governor of the main castle of the city held his office for only twenty-four hours.

Every night, the Senate secretly chose a new governor for the castle. The chosen man was taken without warning while walking in the streets. A handkerchief was placed over his face, and he was led away blindfolded to the castle. No one knew who would command that night. This strange method prevented conspiracies and secret agreements. Since no one knew who was in charge, it was almost impossible to plan a betrayal.

Trade and Maritime Strength

In earlier times, these people were important traders. They carried goods to many western countries and built large ships for long voyages. It is said that the great ships known as “carracks,” famous for their large size and heavy cargo, may have taken their name from this city. The word might have been a corruption of “Ragusa” or “Ragusies.”

Their port was not naturally perfect. Instead, it was improved by human effort and skill. Through hard work and careful planning, they turned a difficult harbor into a strong center of trade. Commerce, not war, was the true strength of this republic.

Through strict government, careful diplomacy, and successful trade, this small city managed to survive among powerful empires. Its system may have seemed strange, but it helped protect its freedom for many years.

The Annual Tribute to the Sultan

From the time of the first agreement, the tribute of Ragusa continued without interruption. Every year, in the month of July, two ambassadors were sent to the Ottoman court. They carried the yearly tribute and remained there for one full year. When their term ended, they returned home. At the same time, two new ambassadors arrived with the next payment. In this way, the city always had representatives at the Turkish court.

This yearly mission was not simple or cheap. Besides the fixed tribute, the ambassadors also brought many gifts. These presents were offered to the Prime Vizier, the Chief Eunuch of the Women, the Queen Mother, and other important members of the Sultan’s household. The cost of these gifts, together with the expenses of travel, residence, and ceremony, was very high. In total, the yearly expense was calculated to be about twenty thousand zechins Holidays Bulgaria.

Although this was a heavy financial burden, the leaders of Ragusa considered it necessary. They believed that regular tribute and respectful gifts would keep peace with the Ottoman Empire and protect their small state from danger.

Hard Times Before the Venetian War

In earlier times, especially before the great war between the Republic of Venice and the Turks, Ragusa was not a rich city. Its territory was small and not very fertile. Trade was limited, and the people had to struggle to collect enough money for the Ottoman tribute. They used many careful methods and strict financial plans to gather the required sums each year.

The burden of tribute was heavy, and sometimes it placed the government under great pressure. However, they continued to pay faithfully, knowing that failure could bring serious consequences.

Growth Through Trade

The war between Venice and the Ottoman Empire changed the situation. This conflict opened new commercial opportunities for Ragusa. Because of its position and its peaceful relations with the Turks, the city became an important port for trade.

Manufactured goods from Venice and other parts of Italy began to pass through Ragusa on their way to Ottoman lands. The city became a safe channel for commerce between Christian Europe and the Muslim East. This increase in trade brought new wealth to the city.

As a result, Ragusa was better able to meet its financial obligations. What was once a heavy and difficult tribute became more manageable. Through careful diplomacy, wise trade policies, and steady loyalty to the Ottoman court, Ragusa strengthened its position and ensured its survival among far greater powers.

Ragusa Seeks Ottoman Protection

Before the final fall of the Greek Empire, the leaders of Ragusa took an important political step. They sent ambassadors with valuable gifts to Sultan Orhan (called Orcbanes in old texts). Their purpose was clear. They wished to become tributaries of the Sultan. In return, they hoped to strengthen their weak commonwealth under the protection of his powerful rule.

At that time, the Ottoman state was growing, but it was still at some distance from Ragusa. Because of this distance, the Sultan had little reason to see them as a threat. It is very likely that he received their ambassadors kindly. Since Ragusa was not yet close to Ottoman military power, their offer of tribute was seen as useful and peaceful Holidays Bulgaria.

The rulers of Ragusa understood their situation well. They were a small state surrounded by stronger powers. Instead of waiting for danger, they chose to act wisely and secure protection before they truly needed it.

The Agreement and the Tribute

After negotiations, the tribute was fixed at twelve thousand and five hundred zechins each year. This was a large sum of money, but the leaders of Ragusa believed it was a fair price for safety and independence. Once the agreement was settled, the ambassadors returned home. They carried with them promises of protection and many signs of courtesy from the Sultan.

Sultan Orhan agreed to formal articles with Ragusa. He granted them the immunities and privileges they requested. These likely included freedom in trade, local self-government, and protection from attack. In this way, Ragusa became a tributary state but kept its internal independence.

The Sultan’s Hand as a Seal

One detail of this agreement is especially interesting. In those days, official documents were not always sealed in the modern way. Instead of signing with a written signature, Sultan Orhan placed his whole hand in ink and pressed it onto the paper. This handprint served as his firm seal and signature.

Among the Turks, this mark was respected with great honor. It was considered a sacred and powerful sign of authority. The document was valued and preserved carefully. The respect given to it was compared to the way the Jewish people honor the Tablets of the Law.

Through this wise agreement, Ragusa secured peace and protection. By diplomacy instead of war, the small commonwealth ensured its survival for many generations.

The Ancient Name of Ragusa

The city of Ragusa was known in ancient times by the name Epidauros. There were also two other cities with the same name in the region of the Peloponnese in Greece. However, this particular Epidauros was destroyed when the Goths invaded the area. The city was laid waste, and its people were forced to leave their homes.

After the Goths departed, the inhabitants returned to the ruins of their former city. Instead of rebuilding it under the old name, they decided to establish a new city with a new foundation. They called it Ragusa. This new beginning marked an important moment in their history. It was not only the rebuilding of walls and houses, but also the start of a new political and social life.

An Ancient Commonwealth

The government of Ragusa was formed as a commonwealth. In fact, its system of government was even older than that of Venice. While Venice became famous for its strong navy and wide territories, Ragusa survived in a different way. It did not rely on military strength. Instead, it depended on wisdom, careful planning, and submission to powerful protectors Holidays Bulgaria.

The leaders of Ragusa understood that their small state could not defend itself by force alone. Therefore, they chose to protect their freedom by forming alliances and showing loyalty to stronger rulers. This policy allowed them to preserve their independence for many centuries.

Friendship with the Turks

Long before the Ottoman Empire became powerful in Europe, the people of Ragusa sought friendship with the Turks. According to their own records, this decision was influenced by the advice of a holy nun, who was respected as a saint among them. She is said to have predicted the future greatness of the Turkish Empire. She advised that the best way for Ragusa to remain free and prosperous was to submit to one of the most successful and powerful princes of the age.

Believing in her prophecy, the rulers of Ragusa sent two ambassadors to the city of Bursa (then called Vrusa), which was at that time the royal seat of the Ottoman rulers. By doing this, they hoped to secure protection and long-lasting peace. Through wisdom and careful diplomacy, this small city managed to survive among much stronger powers.

The Wealth of Provincial Governors

It is almost impossible to describe exactly the wealth and methods of profit used by these powerful governors to enrich themselves. A Turk, as described by writers of that age, was considered quick to seek wealth and eager to grow rich. Their ways of gaining money were many, clever, and often hidden. Still, it is useful to set down clearly the certain and lawful revenues that were officially granted to them by commission from the Grand Signior.

These fixed revenues were assigned to them from the cities, towns, and lands under their rule. The money was collected locally and formed the legal income of their office. Beyond this, however, many other profits flowed into their hands Istanbul Private Tours.

Lawful and Customary Sources of Income

In addition to their regular income, governors enjoyed the benefit of several traditional rights. These included the profits from lost and unclaimed property, goods taken from criminals, and possessions that had no clear owner because of death or accident. They also gained from the sale of slaves, horses, and cattle that were left without masters.

Another source of income came from vacant church offices, which in some provinces were sold or assigned under the authority of the governor. All these revenues were accepted as part of the customary privileges of power and were rarely questioned.

Abuses of Power and False Accusations

Yet, beyond these lawful gains, many governors increased their wealth through unjust and corrupt practices. One common abuse was the use of false accusations, sometimes called “avantas,” by which they attacked the property and rights of their own subjects. Under the appearance of justice, they seized lands and goods for their personal benefit.

Even worse, some governors allowed or ordered their slaves and servants to rob travelers and local people. After the robbery, they pretended to investigate the crime. The innocent victims were then arrested, imprisoned, tortured, or even put to death, while the true offenders escaped punishment. In this way, justice itself became a tool for oppression.

The Beglerbegs of the First Rank

To speak more precisely, the Beglerbegs of the first class were twenty-two in number. Each of these governors ruled large provinces and received their assigned revenues directly from the lands they governed. These revenues were collected by their own officers, acting under commissions granted by the Sultan himself.

Because of their distance from the central court and the power entrusted to them, these governors often ruled almost like kings in their own territories. This made oversight difficult and abuse common.

Consequences of Such Power

Such unchecked authority brought great wealth to many, but it also caused fear and suffering among the people. While some governors ruled with fairness, others used their office as a means of personal enrichment. This system explains both the great riches and the great dangers connected with high office in the Ottoman Empire.

The Rank Below the Grand Vizier

Next in authority after the Grand Vizier, also called the Vizier Azem or First Vizier, are the officials known as Beglerbegs. These men may fairly be compared to archdukes or great governors in some parts of Christian Europe. Each Beglerbeg rules over a wide territory and has under his command many sanjaks, or provinces, as well as their local governors, such as beys, aghas, and other officers.

These men represent the Sultan’s authority in distant regions of the empire. Through them, imperial orders are enforced, taxes are collected, justice is administered, and military forces are raised when needed.

Signs of Rank and Authority

To each Beglerbeg, the Grand Signior grants three imperial standards, known in Turkish as tugh. These standards are poles decorated with horse tails and finished with a gilded metal cap at the top. They are carried before the Beglerbeg in public and serve as a visible sign of his rank.

This distinction clearly marks the difference between officials. A Beglerbeg has three tugh, a Beyler or Basha of lower rank has two, and the Sanjak-beg, who also bears the title of Pasha, has only one. In this way, rank is immediately recognized without words Istanbul Private Tours.

Ceremony of Appointment

When a man is appointed as a Pasha, the ceremony of his investiture is carried out with public display. A flag or banner is carried before him, and he is accompanied by music and songs. This is done by an official called the Asirialem, whose sole duty is to conduct such ceremonies for the installation of Pashas into their offices.

This public ritual reinforces the dignity of the office and reminds the people that the authority of the Pasha comes directly from the Sultan.

Two Types of Provincial Governments

The governments of Beglerbegs, who rule over several sanjaks, are divided into two kinds. The first is called Has Beglerbeglik. In this form, the governor receives a fixed income drawn from the cities, lands, and revenues of the province assigned to him.

The second type is known as Salyane Beglerbeglik. In this system, the Beglerbeg is paid a regular salary rather than collecting revenue directly. All taxes are gathered by officers of the Sultan and sent to the central treasury. From this treasury, salaries are paid to the Beglerbeg, the Sanjak-begs, and the soldiers of the province.

Purpose of This System

This division allows the empire to govern both rich and distant regions effectively. It also ensures that military forces and local officials remain dependent on the Sultan’s authority rather than acting independently.

The Official Income of the Grand Vizier

The official revenues of the Grand Vizier, which come directly from the Crown and are fixed parts of the office, are not very large. They amount to no more than about 20,000 dollars a year. This income comes from certain villages in Rumelia and is considered the lawful and regular salary of the position.

Compared to the power and danger of the office, this official income is modest. The true wealth of the Grand Vizier does not come from his salary, but from many other sources spread across the empire.

Gifts and Payments from Across the Empire

Every pasha or trusted minister who receives an appointment must first give a gift to the Grand Vizier. This offering is made to gain his approval and to secure his goodwill. Without such a gift, no official feels safe in his position.

Governors who serve in distant provinces always keep agents in the capital. These agents regularly bring presents to the Grand Vizier. Their purpose is to soften his mood and persuade him to speak well of their service to the Grand Signior. In this way, gifts become a constant flow, arriving from every corner of the empire Istanbul Private Tours.

Seasonal Offerings and Open Bargaining

Each spring, around the equinox, all pashas and major officials are required to present valuable gifts to the Grand Signior himself. At this time, the Grand Vizier also receives his share of acknowledgments and rewards.

Beyond these formal occasions, money is given to the Grand Vizier according to the nature of each request or business matter. These payments are not made in secret. On the contrary, they are often openly demanded, and the price is discussed boldly, much like a bargain in a marketplace.

Justice Treated Like Merchandise

In such a system, justice and favor become items for sale. They are traded as openly as goods in shops or markets. Offices, protections, decisions, and even judgments can be bought, just like ordinary merchandise.

If the Grand Vizier is greedy—and this is often the case with men who rise suddenly from poverty—he may take full advantage of this practice. Having once known want, such men are easily tempted by wealth and eager to secure as much as possible while their power lasts.

Wealth Gained at Great Risk

Thus, although the office of Grand Vizier is full of danger, stress, and uncertainty, it also offers immense opportunities for wealth. Riches flow toward him from all sides, but they are gained at the cost of constant fear, jealousy, and political risk. His fortune, like his power, depends entirely on favor—and can disappear just as quickly.