The nationality of the Servian church

After the dissolution of the Patriarchate of Ipck, the cloisters of the old Kingsespecially the cloister Detsliiani, situated not far from that place, where the father of Stephan Dushan had erected his marble church  inspired a veneration and respect by which all the Servian tribes were united.

For this very reason the Turkswho regard religion as a source of revenue  have at times been guilty of severe extortions from the cloister; well knowing that the liberality of the people would meet their demands.

The nationality of the Servian church is further proved by the fact, that the ancient native names have invariably been preserved in it; while among other Sclavonian tribes, the names of saints of the calendar were substituted. Hence it may be in-ferred, that the idea of a universal Christian Church would not have prevailed in Servia.

In the popular opinions of all European countries, traces of an ancient veneration of nature are found : but, for the most part, only as scattered fragments without connexion; perhaps not well understood originally, and now unintelligible.

Among the Servians, the whole year is replete with rites, indicating the mysterious relation in which man stands to nature; more especially in such a primitive mode of life. Let us for a moment turn our attention to the subject.

In winter, just before Lent, the great festival in honour of the Dead is celebrated; at which every one solemnises the memory of his departed relations and friends; and no sooner does Paint Sunday arrive, than the people join in commemorating the reno-vation of life. On the preceding Saturday the maidens assemble on a hill, and recite poems on the resurrection of Lazarus; and on Sunday, before sunrise, they meet at the place where they draw water, and dance their country dance; chanting a song, which relates how the water becomes dull by the antlers of a stag, and bright by his eye.

The water freed from ice and snow, being the first harbinger of the renovated year, they commence with these symbolical rites. On the eve of St. George’s festival, towards the end of April, the women gather young flowers and herbs ; then catching the water cast from a mill-wheel, they throw into it the flowers and herbs, and let both remain during the night, for the purpose of bathing in the water the next morning. This rite apparently signifies that they now surrender themselves to the influence of awakened nature; and on its performance they consider the preservation of their health depends.

Oakhurst was a light sleeper

As the shadows crept slowly up the mountain, a slight breeze rocked the tops of the pine trees and moaned through their long and gloomy aisles. The ruined cabin, patched and covered with pine boughs, was set apart for the ladies. As the lovers parted, they unaffectedly exchanged a kiss, so honest and sincere that it might have been heard above the swaying pines. The frail Duchess and the malevolent Mother Shipton were probably too stunned to remark upon this last evidence of simplicity, and so turned without a word to the hut. The fire was replenished, the men lay down before the door, and in a few minutes were asleep.

Mr. Oakhurst was a light sleeper. Toward morning he awoke benumbed and cold. As he stirred the dying fire, the wind, which was now blowing strongly, brought to his cheek that which caused the blood to leave it snow!

He started to his feet with the intention of awakening the sleepers, for there was no time to lose. But turning to where Uncle Billy had been lying, he found him gone. A suspicion leaped to his brain, and a curse to his lips. He ran to the spot where the mules had been tethered they were no longer there. The tracks were already rapidly disappearing in the snow.

The momentary excitement brought Mr. Oakhurst back to the fire with his usual calm. He did not waken the sleepers.

Innocent slumber

The Innocent slumbered peacefully, with a smile on his good-humored, freckled face; the virgin Piney slept beside her frailer sisters as sweetly as though attended by celestial guardians; and Mr. Oakhurst, drawing his blanket over his shoulders, stroked his mustaches and waited for the dawn. It came slowly in a whirling mist of snowflakes that dazzled and confused the eye. What could be seen of the landscape appeared magically changed. He looked over the valley, and summed up the present and future in two words, “Snowed in!”

A careful inventory of the provisions, which, fortunately for the party, had been stored within the hut, and so escaped the felonious fingers of Uncle Billy, disclosed the fact that with care and prudence they might last ten days longer. “That is,” said Mr. Oakhurst sotto voce to the Innocent, “if you’re willing to board us. If you ain’t- and perhaps you’d better not you can wait till Uncle Billy gets back with provisions.”

For some occult reason, Mr. Oakhurst could not bring himself to disclose Uncle Bill’s rascality, and so offered the hypothesis that he had wandered from the camp and had accidentally stampeded the animals. He dropped a warning to the Duchess and Mother Shipton, who, of course, knew the facts of their associate’s defection. “They’ll find out the truth about us all when they find out anything,” he added significantly, “and there’s no good frightening them now.”

More information: https://bulgaria.tourhints.info/the-outcasts-of-poker-flat-part-5/

Political considerations alone induced

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It might have been expected that the Servian nation, like many of their kindred tribes, would, by degrees, adopt the Western system of the Church. Gregory addressed the Prince already alluded to, not only as “ King,” but as “ Son.”

The former title, indeed, would hardly have been thought of without the latter. And which of Gregory’s successors has not, at one time or other, indulged the hope that the Servians might gradually be won over ? It may be doubted whether political considerations alone induced the Servian princes to evince a leaning towards Pome, or whether they really cherished these opinions ; but thus much is clear, the time was past for the profession of a new faith.

The Servians had been taught Christianity by Greek teachers from Constantinople, at the very time when the schisms of the Latin and Greek Churches first broke forth. From the first, they had imbibed the aversion entertained by the Anatolians towards the formuhe of the Western Church — an aversion which, where it has once taken root, has never been conquered. Xemanja was disposed for a union with the German Empire; but this did not prevent him from strengthening the Greek profession of faith, by the erection of numerous churches and cloisters.

His views were not directed towards the Vatican, but to the centre point of the orthodox faith -— the forest-cloisters of Mount Athos, venerated by all the eastern tribes. He founded Chilandar, and is renowned as one of the renovators of Yatopaxli, where he died as a Greek Kaloier.

But the Latin Church presented not only differences in doctrine, but also another system of life and of government, which depended chiefly on the distinction between the Church and the State. A council which Innocent III. caused to be held, at Dioclea, in 1199, founded one of its decrees expressly on the presumption of a fundamental opposition between the two powers.

In Servia a totally different state of things arose. From his favourite residence, the hermitage of Chilandar, St. Sawa, the son of Xemanja, promoted the work of his father; and in a truly patriotic spirit.

The patriarch of Constantinople granted the Servians the privilege of always electing their archbishop from their own national priesthood. St. Sawa himself was the first archbishop. lie took up his residence at Uschize, the Servian Mecca, and by his spiritual authority, caused the princely power to be revered in the eyes of the nation, in a manner which the Homan Hope would probably never have been able to accomplish, lie raised his brother to the throne, and, so far as can be ascertained, with the consent of the Eastern Emperor; and crowned him in the midst of a vast assemblage of clergy and laity, who, upon that occasion, followed his example in repeating the Creed in its oriental form.

Key Criteria For bulgarian brides Across The Usa

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Comrade, play me the Lay of Dido

Therewith he harped so sweetly that the notes crept into Iseult’s heart and bare her thoughts so far hence that she ceased weeping, and thought but of her love.

Now, when the lay was ended, the water had come up to the bark, and it floated, so that they on board cried to the haven: “Sir, sir, come aboard; if my lord Tristan comes whilst thou art yet ashore, we shall have but an ill time! Folk and land alike are in his power—also he himself, so they say, is of such wondrous daring, so valiant and strong, he will likely do thee a mischief.”

This was unpleasing to Gandin, and he said angrily: “Now may heaven hate me if I stir hence a moment earlier for that! Comrade, play me the Lay of Dido; thou dost harp so sweetly that I must needs love thee for it. Now play, and banish my lady’s sorrow. Out of love for thee will I bear thee hence with her and me, and will give thee all I have promised thee, yea, and more!”

“So be it,” quoth Tristan.

Running so Strong

The minstrel touched his harp again; and he played so sweetly that Gandin listened eagerly, and Iseult was all intent on the music. And when it had ended the knight took the queen by the hand, and would lead her aboard, but by now was the tide so high and running so strong that no man might reach the bark save on horseback. “What shall we do now,” asked Gandin. “How may my lady come aboard?”

“See, Sir Knight,” quoth the minstrel, “since I am sure thou wilt take me hence with thee, I think but little of what I have here in Cornwall. I have a horse near by; I ween he shall be tall enough to carry my lady, thy friend, over to the bark without the sea wetting her.”

Gandin said: “Good minstrel, haste, bring thy horse hither, and take also the robe I promised thee.”

Tristan fetched his horse swiftly, and when he came back he swung his harp behind him and cried: “Now, knight of Ireland, give me my lady, I will carry her before me through the water.”

“Nay, minstrel, thou shalt not touch her; I will carry her myself.” “Nay, sir,” said fair Iseult, “ ’tis needless to say he shall not touch me. Know the truth, I go not aboard save the minstrel bear me.” Then Gandin led her to Tristan. “Comrade,” he said, “have a care of her—carry her so gently that I shall be ever grateful to thee.”

Now as soon as Tristan held Iseult he spurred his steed forward, and when Gandin saw it he spake in wrath: “Ha, fool, what dost thou?” “Nay, nay, fool Gandin,” quoth Tristan, “ ’tis thou who art the fool; what thou didst steal from King Mark by the lute, that I do bear away with my harp. Thou didst betray, now art thou betrayed. Tristan has followed thee till he has befooled thee! Friend, thou hast indeed given me a rich garment, even the richest that thy tent did hold.”

With that Tristan rode his way, leaving Gandin, beyond measure sorrowful; his loss and his shame cut him to the heart; mourning, he returned overseas.

Tristan and Iseult rode homeward, rejoicing in their love; and when they came to the palace, Tristan led the queen to King Mark, and spake bitterly: “Sire, God knoweth, if thou dost hold thy queen so dear as thou sayest, ’tis a great folly to give her up lightly for mere lute or play! The world may well mock! Whoever saw a queen the chattel of a way? Henceforth bethink thee, and guard my lady better.”

Happn Provides A Solution For Those

Top Porn Sites is the ultimate list of best porn websites. The default overview displays online sex cams with basic preview images. The next paragraph transitions to discussing women’s sexual pleasure in hookups, compared to relationships. I’ve conducted some longitudinal research on friends with benefits and have found that there’s a lot of diversity in people’s experiences. Before we jump straight into the 7 situations, I’ll give you my step-by-step method for picking up girls. In my experience, health food store has a lot more pretty girls than Walmart or Piggly Wiggly.

You cannot start a meaningful conversation when you are only thinking about what you want to get. As part of the Friend Finder network, MenNation uses time-tested technology to connect singles who are more interested in having sex than getting into a relationship. Let’s start with how to actually learn about texting The first thing you need to know is that learning how to text a girl fuckswipe review is not like learning math.

Happn provides a solution for those who are tired of getting matches who are far away from them geographically, something that can happen relatively often on old-school dating sites like eHarmony.

At the present time, tons of websites are designed for people searching hookup and not real love. Always be honest about your sexual history with your doctor. The fee for site #165 (equal to three sites) includes six adults and nine children; a maximum of 12 adults or 15 people total is allowed.

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Networking events on Meetup or Facebook or other Local of community based events are a great part to start with. If none of these disability-centric dating sites catch your interest, then consider looking at more mainstream options like OKCupid, eHarmony, Tinder or Match. Casual dating is more common among young people, like college students. When it comes down to it, 64% of people who use online dating sites are looking for someone they have something in common with, and 49% say they are looking for someone with physical characteristics they are attracted to.

This is a free dating app for hookups, in whatever format. Make an agreement to always let the other person know if things are becoming uncomfortable or if one of you is developing feelings.

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If she also then prefers me when I’m nasty

He was still looking, in the chimney-glass, at the state of his beard brushing from it, with his handkerchief, the traces of wind and wet. “If she also then prefers me when I’m nasty, it seems to me I ought to satisfy her. Shall I now, at any rate, see her?”

“She’s so like a pea on a pan over the possibility of it that she’s pulling herself together in her room.”

She Remarry

“Oh, then, we must try and keep her together. But why, graceful, tender, pretty too quite, or almost as she is, doesn’t she remarry?” Mrs. Dyott appeared and as if the first time to look for the reason. “Because she likes too many men.”

It kept up his spirits. “And how many may a lady like?”

“In order not to like any of them too much? Ah, that, you know, I never found out and it’s too late now. When,” she presently pursued, “did you last see her?”

He really had to think. “Would it have been since last November or so? Some where or other where we spent three days.”

“Oh, at Surredge? I know all about that. I thought you also met afterwards.”

He had again to recall. “So we did! Wouldn’t it have been somewhere at Christmas? But it wasn’t by arrangement!” he laughed, giving with his forefinger a little pleasant nick to his hostess’s chin. Then as if something in the way she received this attention put him back to his question of a moment before. “Have you kept my note?”

She held him with her pretty eyes. “Do you want it back?”

“Ah, don’t speak as if I did take things!”

She dropped her gaze to the fire. “No, you don’t; not even the hard things a really generous nature often would.” She quitted, however, as if to forget that, the chimney-place. “I put it there!”

“You’ve burnt it? Good!” It made him easier, but he noticed the next moment on a table the lemon-colored volume left there by Mrs. Blessingbourne, and, taking it up for a look, immediately put it down. “You might, while you were about it, have burnt that too.”

“You’ve read it?”

“Dear, yes. And you?”

“No,” said Mrs. Dyott; “it wasn’t for me Maud brought it.”

It pulled her visitor up. “Mrs. Blessingbourne brought it?”

“For such a day as this.” But she wondered. “How you look! Is it so awful?”

“Oh, like his others.” Something had occurred to him; his thought was already far. “Does she know?”

“Why, anything.”

But the door opened too soon for Mrs. Dyott, who could only murmur quickly

“Take care!”

S: https://bulgarian.doholidays.com/the-story-in-it-part-5/

Do female VCs have a different approach?

Of course, the female-founded and led ventures in Bulgaria are not only in the sustainability domain.

For example, Propy – a blockchain platform for real estate that has attracted over $15M venture capital in the US, was founded by Tatyana Karayaneva. Tatyana Mitkova co-founded ClaimCompass, a platform that helps people claim compensations in cases of delayed or canceled flights, while she was a student in Berlin. The startup was later invited in TechStars accelerator in the US and received ＄475K investments. Elena Nikolova is co-founder and CEO of Escreo, a company that turns walls into whiteboards through an innovative paint. Svetla Simidchieva and Ekaterina Mihaylova founded Maj.io, which develops AI solutions for talent acquisition in the IT sector.

Yana Vlatchkova co-founded Swipes, which first developed a task management software and has recently launched a collaboration tool for tech product teams in the US. After a long career in hospitality, Elitsa Stoilova came back to Bulgaria in 2017 and started a chatbot company called Umni.co and attracted its first investment from a Canadian fund. After a career in politics and NGOs Pavlina Dzhartova, joined AI developer HyperAsect, shortly after it was founded, and leads its business development and product line.

Difficult to say whether male and female VC invest differently. We make our investment decisions at BrightCap unanimously (we have two female and two male partners) and I haven’t noticed a gender division. Maybe we pay more attention to the soft side”, says Elina Halatcheva from one of the newest funds in Bulgaria BrightCap. The other female partner is Diana Stefanova, also known as the Managing Director of VMware Bulgaria. All her previous roles in investment banking, research of e-commerce and technology start-ups, private equity, led her to initiate the new fund. Halatcheva shares she doesn’t pay attention to the fact that she is women in a male-dominated sphere and has chosen to focus on “building skills and competencies rather than fighting ghosts”.

“I think it’s important to promote the investment culture among women”, says Sasha Bezuhanova. She moved on to diverse activities supporting the innovation and digital economy after a long international corporate career in HP. Bezuhanova is an active mentor, angel investor in seven startups, a limited partner in four funds, member of a European female business angels network and founder of the Bulgarian Center for Women in Technology. She believes female entrepreneurs should be supported from a young age and has initiated Entrepregirl- a contest for young entrepreneurs between 16 and 25. Bezuhanova is cautious in drawing lines between male and female VCs, but also observes some trends: “First of all, women investors put more effort into mentoring on corporate culture and working environment. When reviewing companies they also value the social impact of a company higher than men who are traditionally looking rather at the numbers”.

Indeed, there are not many female investors in Bulgaria. One of the first publicly visible figures was Zlatolina Mukova, who joined one of the first local funds NEVEQ as managing partner in 2012. Prior to that Mukova has taken C-level corporate roles in the IT and financial sector. There’s a potential that one new fund called Innovation Accelerator Bulgaria, led by design thinking coach Leona Aslanova  and consultant Venetsia Netsova, emerges soon.  Some months ago, we also spotted Dessy Kovatcheva, who backed the local waste management startup CozZo, as an angel investor. To be honest, we haven’t heard of other female investors. Maria Marinova, even though not an investor herself, is leading the Bulgarian Private Equity and Venture Capital Association.

 

The guests began to arrive

Away they went, and the merchant bought some pieces of roasting meat, saying on his return, “Now, Do l, remember when you put this sirloin down tomorrow, that you leave it to do coolly at a distance, so as not to catch or singe; the boiling piece you may put on a good deal earlier.”

“Very good, master,” said Howleglass, “it shall be done.” So the next morning he rose betimes and brought the meat he was to boil near the fire. But that which he intended to roast he stuck upon the spit, and placed it at a cool distance as he had been told (namely, in the cellar between two barrels of beer) from the fire.

Now, before the merchant’s guests had assembled, he went to see that all was going on well in the kitchen (for his wife was a fine lady), and he inquired whether the dinner was almost ready, to which Howleglass made answer, “Yes, everything but the roast beef.” “Everything but!” exclaimed the merchant; “and where is that?” “It is on the spit,” answered Howleglass;

“it is doing cool at a distance, as you desired, in the coolest place in the house, which is the beer cellar. You did not say when you would like to have it roasted.” While his master was discussing this point with Howleglass, the guests began to arrive, to whom he candidly related the incident, at which some looked grave and others laughed, while his lady was least of all satisfied with the joke. Indeed, she proposed an ejectment of the new cook from the premises forthwith.

Kind of Uneasiness

“My love,” said the merchant, “give yourself no kind of uneasiness about that! Tomorrow I am going to Gollai, and he must see me there; but on my return he shall be discharged.”

Then they all proceeded to dinner, and made as good cheer as they could upon what they had got. In the evening when all was over, his master called Howleglass, and said, “Dol, see that my coach is in readiness early tomorrow morning, for I and the priest are going as far as Gollai, so look that it be well cleaned and greased.”

Accordingly when the whole family were abed, Howleglass proceeded to grease the chariot well both inside and out. And in the morning our merchant and the priest mounted to drive off; but slip went the priest wherever he laid his hand or foot! And he had many a time nearly broken his neck as they drove along. “What the deuce,” he cried, “can it be that it is so thick and greasy?”

Source and more: https://bulgarian.marietaminkova.com/eulenspiegel-and-the-merchant-part-2/

Glastonbury and Coachella

Cruising past the Ponte 25 de Abril, which, when I squinted, could have been the Golden Gate Bridge I’d left back home, I wondered if my passport might burst into flames. I was going to a communist festival in Amora, Portugal, hardly the sort of festival I’d envisioned myself attending during my summer in Lisbon.

Though the view from the ferry took me back to American

soil, where the word “communism” still lands with a thud, for the people of

Portugal, Lisbon’s bright red bridge commemorates the Carnation Revolution that

toppled the fascist Estado Novo regime, under which members of the Portuguese

Communist Party (PCP) were persecuted. On April 25, 1974, a group of

left-leaning officers in the Portuguese army started a coup in the nation’s

capital that would become a mighty, nonviolent civil resistance. As the regime

fell, ending with it Portuguese colonialism, civilians gave soldiers red

carnations, many of which wound up in the barrels of their guns.

Two years later, an emboldened PCP threw the first Festa do

Avante! in Lisbon, naming it after the party’s official newspaper, Avante!, or

Forward! The festival has since grown, and moved, today drawing hundreds of

thousands to the suburbs of Lisbon every first weekend in September.

“Think of it like Glastonbury,” a friend who’d studied

abroad in England told me, pitching the festival for the following Saturday.

I’d never been to Glastonbury, but I couldn’t picture hammer-and-sickle flags

flying during a Mumford and Sons set.

“Really, it’s just a big party,” another added, sensing my

skepticism. Minutes later, they’d all break out into a spirited chorus of PCP

anthem “Avante, Camarada.”

Though a joke, the exchange captured Avante! perfectly.

From a distance, it looks like any other festival, only

larger. Ten stages shuffle through musical acts, theater and film screenings,

debates, and more. There are book tents, art and science exhibits, and play

areas with kid-friendly activities like puppet workshops and concerts for

babies. There’s enough food and drink to represent all the flavors of Portugal,

as well as those from across the globe. And there’s sports both for spectators,

like martial arts matches and roller hockey games, and participants, like

running and bike races and ballet, boxing, and zumba classes.

Dedicated festivalgoers come for all three days, bringing

caravans or pitching tents at the on-site campground, much like they do at

Glastonbury and Coachella.

Up close, however, Avante! announces its politics loudly.

Rather than typical concert merch, booths here sell “Free Lula” pins, in

defense of polarizing Brazilian political prisoner Luiz Inácio “Lula” de Silva,

and T-shirts emblazoned with Marxist icons. Festivalgoers of all ages walk

around with Che Guevara on their chests like kids in Nirvana tees at their

first rock concerts.

Bulgarian women characteristics

Most women have serious boyfriends If you see a confident, well-dressed woman, chances are she has a (serious) boyfriend.  On my second day, I met a very cute girl on the Sofia metro.  Everything was going great until she told me that she’s on her way home to her boyfriend.  Another girl I met in a coffee shop told me she moved to Sofia (from a smaller city) to be with her boyfriend.

While this is very typical in Eastern Europe, it’s greatly

amplified in the Balkans.  This is

something I can mitigate in Ukraine and Russia, but I would need more time on

the ground to learn the optimal game for Bulgarian women.  The flip side is that fewer quality girls are

always single and ready to mingle.

What kind of guys do Bulgarian women like?

While this is very typical in Eastern Europe, it’s greatly

amplified in the Balkans.  This is

something I can mitigate in Ukraine and Russia, but I would need more time on

the ground to learn the optimal game for Bulgarian women.  The flip side is that fewer quality girls are

always single and ready to mingle.

I spent enough time in Bulgaria to understand that Bulgarian

women love their fellow Balkan men. Of course, they love other Bulgarian men.

But, if you’re a dark and handsome guy from the Balkans—whether it’s Serbia,

Romania, Montenegro—you should be well received.

The other thing I noticed that is that some Bulgarian girls

like Russian guys. When I approached women (more on that below), I told them I

was a Russian guy from Moscow. Many Bulgarian women showed interest right away

probably because I was from a big and famous city, and that may have meant I

also had some money on me.

As soon as I mentioned I was from Russia, women began

showing their interest and asking me questions.

Of course, that wasn’t with every single girl I approached,

but it happened enough times that it sure piqued my curiosity and maybe think

there was something more to it.

I also think that Bulgarian women—just like other Balkan

people—prefer Southern Europeans such as Spaniards and Italians. When I was in

Barcelona, I met a good share of Bulgarians who made the city home and had

Spanish boyfriends.

Being Western isn’t a novelty

Telling girls that I was an American from New York would

elicit a lukewarm response.  It was

almost like I was from some generic city that everyone had already “been to”

thanks to the numerous movies and TV shows allowing anyone to live there

vicariously.  Perhaps being an American

is becoming more and more generic than a novelty.  I experimented by telling them I was a

Russian guy from Moscow and received slightly more interesting reactions.

Of course, this would vary depending on the kind of girls

you’re dealing with.  The “Eastern

European” type I mentioned above would gravitate to “alpha” Eastern Europeans

(e.g., a Russian guy from Moscow); whereas a hipsterish girl might dig

American/Western guys more.

Black Sea coast Bulgarian

Under Omurtag (814 831, the southern Black Sea coast up to Debelt was recognized as Bulgarian. That happened in 815 with the signing of the 30-year peace treaty with Byzantium. The success of the Black Sea direction of Bulgarian policy was thus legalized.

After the stabilization of the seaside border up to Mount Strandzha, Kan Omurtag maintained the other important orientation of his foreign policy the orientation, started by Kan Krum, to the northwest towards the Slavs on the banks of Middle Danube, who were separated from Bulgaria by the Empire of the Franks. This is how the contemporaries perceived it (according to the so-called Fulden Chronicles — The Life of Charlemagne by Einhard):

In 827, “the Bulgarians sent troops in ships up the River Drava, plundered and burnt the land of the Slavs inhabiting Pannonia, drove away their kings and appointed Bulgarian governors”; in 829, “again the Bulgarians came in ships up the Drava, destroyed by fire some of our settlements near the river”.

The Bulgarian “admiralty” of the period is no doubt located in and identified with the powerful island fortress and port of modem Romanian Pakuiullui Soare Island that is about 20 kilometers to the east of the Bulgarian fortress and port of Drustar (present Silistra). To this very day one can see the deep traces in the stone blocks of the quays on the island, left by the ropes with which they moored the ships.

Lower Danube

The building of this fortress harbor as an “admiralty” is due to its exceptional political and military strategic location on Lower Danube as an internal Bulgarian river. Drustar fortress harbor secured and protected the direct connections of the capital Pliska, and later of Preslav to the Bulgarian lands to the north of the Danube, which stretched to the Carpathians.

In addition, together with Drustar, this island fortress harbor controlled the trade along the Danube and advantageously blocked the invasions of enemy (mainly Byzantine) fleets trying to penetrate into the Danube from the Black Sea. That was done actively with ships and passively by means of long chains lowered in the water, which connected the two riverbanks.

Kaliakra was another important fortress harbor on the north Black Sea coast of Bulgaria during the 7th-8th-10th- 11th centuries. There the continuity between the Late Antiquity of Byzantium and the early medieval period of Bulgaria is documented excellently. This fortress harbor played an extremely important military strategic and overseas trade role for the Bulgarian state with its strong walls, first-rate harbor area and numerous all-purpose ships.

Source Link: Black Sea coast Bulgarian

A Girl From Russia

Intelligence

There is so much said about the beauty of Russian girls, but

it is impossible to talk about dating a girl from Russia without mentioning how

intelligent they are. Most Russian girls get a very good education, which gives

them not only career opportunities, but also a well-rounded outlook on life.

From a young age, a Russian girl grows up with a love of

books, and this love does not go anywhere as she becomes older. Russian girls

are always looking for new ways to learn and can surprise you with their range

of interests.

The incredible intelligence of Russian ladies means that you

will not only easily find things to talk about on a date, but also successfully

introduce her into even the most high-brow circle. She will never embarrass

you, charming everyone with her wit and depth instead.

Straightforwardness

If you are used to Western girls being very secretive and

never telling it like it is, you are probably wondering: how to date a Russian

girl? We are happy to tell you that the directness of Russian girls is one of

the biggest reasons why they make such great girlfriends.

Girls in Russia learn to be very direct early in life, but

they only use this trait for good causes. Your Russian girlfriend will never

complain and demand things just because she is in a bad mood — her remarks are

always well-grounded and fair.

You may not be used to this kind of straightforwardness in a

relationship, but soon you will see that it’s a much better way to live. When

someone in a relationship is unhappy about something, it’s healthier to discuss

it right away than to accumulate anger and resentment.

Passion

Often in the media, girls from Russia are portrayed as cold

and indifferent, which is not only untrue, but also unfair. Those who have had

the pleasure to date Russian girls say that there is no one more loving and

tender than a Russian girlfriend.

However, you shouldn’t expect a girl from Russia to jump

into your open arms immediately after meeting you. Due to their upbringing and

past dating experiences, Russian girls need to get to know their man before

they can open up to him.

Once that happens, you will never feel unloved in this

relationship. When she knows you have serious intentions and are in for a long

run, your Russian girlfriend will finally reveal all the passion and fire that

has been flaring up in her soul for years.

Loyalty

When entering a relationship with a man, a girl from Russia

is not just looking for a fling — she wants to find a partner. If you are ready

to become a faithful partner to your Russian girlfriend, you can expect her to

do the same for you tenfold.

So what does it mean for a Russian girl to have a partner in

her boyfriend or husband? A partner is someone she is always ready to support.

Whether you need her to lift your spirits after a bad day at work or to give

you valuable advice about your future, you can get all that and more if you

just come to her for support.

Moreover, Russian girls are famously faithful. As long as

she is in a relationship with an equally faithful partner, the thought of

spending time with another man will never even cross her mind. With a Russian

girlfriend, fidelity is always a guarantee.

Sire, I may not, save that I know what my reward may be

Gottfried Von Strassburg (Died about 1210)

Gottfried was one of the most famous of that group of Minnesingers which included Hartmann von Aue and Wolfram von Eschenbach. These were the most popular writers of the socalled romances of knighthood. Gottfried’s Tristan was a workingover of a French version of the tale (now existing only in fragmentary form) by Thomas the Trouvere. The German work is a manycoloured story of love and adventure, direct, simple, and devoid of the finer subtleties of psychology. The Coming of Gandin is one of the complete episodes which abound throughout the romance.

The present version, translated by Jessie L. Weston, is reprinted by her permission from Tristan and Iseult, published by David Nutt in 1899. There is no title in the original.

The Coming of Gandin

From Tristan and Iseult

For in these days a ship came to Mark’s haven in Cornwall, and there landed from it a knight, a noble baron of Ireland, named Gandin; he was rich, handsome, and courteous, so manly and strong of limb that all Ireland spake of his valor.

Fairly clad, without shield or spear, he came riding to the king’s court. On his back he bare a lute adorned with gold and precious stones, astrung as a lute should be.

He dismounted, entered the palace, and greeted Mark and Iseult in fitting wise. Many a time and in many ways had he served the queen in her own land, through his knighthood, and the great love he bare her, and for her sake had he journeyed hither from Ireland.

Then Iseult knew him, and greeted him courteously. “God save thee, Sir Gandin.”

“Gramercy, fair Iseult, fair and fairer than gold in the eyes of Gandin!”
Iseult spake softly to the king, saying who the knight was and whence he came; and Mark hearkened, wondering much why he bare a lute, and in sooth so did all the folk, for such was not the wont of wandering knights. Nevertheless would Mark do him all the honor he might, both for his own sake and for that of Iseult, since he was the queen’s countryman; so he bade the stranger sit beside him, and spake to him of his folk and land, and of knightly deeds.

When the feast was ready, and water was brought round to the guests to wash their hands, then did the courtiers pray the stranger to play the lute before them. The king and queen said nought, they would leave it to his own will; and when he took no heed of their prayers, the courtiers mocked him, calling him “The Knight of the Lute,” “The Prince with the Penance”; and Gandin said nought, but sat beside King Mark, and ate and drank, and heeded them not.

When the feast was over, and the tables borne away, then King Mark prayed him, and he could, to pleasure them awhile with his skill on the lute; but Gandin answered: “Sire, I may not, save that I know what my reward may be.”

“Sir Knight, what meanest thou? Dost thou desire aught of my possessions? If so, ’tis granted; let us but hearken thy skill, and I will give thee whatever thou desirest.”

“So be it,” spake the knight of Ireland.

Then he sang a lay which pleased them all well, so that the king desired him to sing another. The traitor laughed in his heart. “Tell me,” he said, “what thou wilt, that I may play even as shall please thee.”

Source: https://bulgaria.doholiday.com/the-coming-of-gandin-part-1/

INCOMPLETE SECONDARY SCHOOLS

State Schools

The State supports seven schools of three

classes for boys and two of six classes for girls. The curriculum of these

schools is the same as that of the corresponding classes in the high

schools.  

The conditions for the appointment and the dismissal of teachers are the same as in the high schools. The salaries are also the same, with this sole difference that the State contributes onehalf, the other half being paid by the communes, at whose charge is the general maintenance of the primary schools.

All the schools belonging to this category

are administered by directors, appointed by the Ministry of Public Instruction,

who must’ fulfil the same conditions as the directors of the high schools. The

only exception to this rule are the schools which have only one class. As

regards their administration, these schools are assimilated to the primary

schools.

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS

(a) Pedagogical Schools for Boys There are five pedagogical schools for all the Principality. These are institutions for secondary education, whose object is to train teachers for the primary schools. The course of studies is divided into four classes, and lasts four years.

A school comprising three classes is

attached to every training college, of which it forms the lower department.

Besides, there are in every pedagogical school four model elementary divisions,

in which the practical training of the future teachers takes place.

The following are subjects taught in the

training school:

(1)Religious instruction;

(2) Bulgarian;

(3) Moral psychology and pedagogics ;

(4) school practice;

(5) mathematics;

(6) civic instruction and political economy;

(7) history and geography;

(8) physics and chemistry;

(9) rural economy;

(10) hygiene and popular medicine;

(11) natural science;

(12) Russian ;

(13) drawing and calligraphy;

(14) singing and violin;

(15) gymnastics;

(16) manual work.

The number of students who are admitted

every year in the first form of these schools is fixed by a ministerial decree.

The candidates must pass a competitive examination before a special commission

which is appointed by the Ministry of Public Instruction. To this examination

are admitted boys who are not younger than fourteen years and not older than

seventeen, and who also have passed with success and good conduct at least

three classes of a high school.

Region of Present Day Armenia

The succeeding structural hubs of Bulgarian settlements originated from this center. One of them was situated directly to the south in the region of present day Armenia. The other one was to the north leans of the Caspian Black Sea region, to the north of the central flows of the Volga River, along the valley of the Pechora River, stretching towards the Arctic Ocean. The densely populated Bulgarian area in the Middle Volga basin is dated archaeologically to the mid-8th century. Here are some excerpts from descriptions of those earliest settlements:

“He (Valarshak) came down to the green meadows near the Shara region, which was called Bezlesen or Upper Basean by the ancient people. Later, because of the Bulgarian Vhndur Buigarcolonista who had settled there, it was called after the name of their leader, Vanand…

Caucasus Mountain

In the days of Arshak, there was great turmoil in the range of the great mountain of Caucasus, in the country of the Bulgarians; many of them separated and came to our country and settled under the Kol [Koh] in the fertile land where grain was in abundance for a long time”

From History of Armenia by Movses Horenatsi. Selected Sources on Bulgarian History, Vol. 2, TANGRA Tanagra Publishing House, Sofia, 2004.

Still farther west, four other cultural historical zones have been confirmed. The lands, which the settling Bulgarians turned into their new homeland, are consistent with the distinctive Bulgarian environment in the post Kubrat period of Old Great

Bulgarian Kan Asparuh

Bulgaria, the Bulgarians of Kan Asparuh, the heir of the ancient rulers’ dynasty of Dulo, conquered the lands to the south of the Dnepar River and in the east part of the Balkan Peninsula between Lower Danube, the Balkan Range and the Black Sea. They transferred the center of the state to Lower Moesia and established the so-called Danube Bulgaria. It was the one, which made real the most essential achievements during the later development of the Bulgarian civilization.

The large literary source Deeds of St Dimitar Solunski, speaks of the settling of Bulgarians in the region of the “Keramisia Field” (present Bitola Field) in the 670s, i.e. in present day Republic of Macedonia. The Panonian Bulgarians lived and fortified themselves in the plains of present day Hungary, along the Tisa River and in the Carpathian foothills. Bulgarian warriors and their families settled in the Italian Peninsula between the mountains and the sea, to the east of the Apennines and along the Adriatic coast in the region of Benevento. In a short period, they turned the area from a desolate to a blessed land.

S: https://bulgaria.doholiday.com/bulgarian-settlements/

Not attend the school regularly

When a pupil does not attend the school

regularly, the head master informs the school committee, which in its turn

brings the fact under the notice of the pupil’s parents. If the child still

fails to attend the classes, the persons responsible for him are liable to

fines from one to three francs, the decision resting with the mayor of the

parish. When this fine has been inflicted on the parents or guardians three

times in succession they become liable to fines from five to thirty francs, the

decisions resting with the departmental education council.

If the head masters and presidents of the

educational councils to whom the carrying out of these provisions is entrusted

fail to give effect to the law, they are punishable by fines varying from 10 to

100 francs.

The proceeds from all these fines go to the

schools funds of the respective parishes.

Supplementary Instruction. With the object of enlarging the scope of knowledge acquired in the primary schools, the respective authorities organise evening and holiday classes with the gratuitous cooperation of the teachers of primary schools. During the last few years, however, the Ministry of Public Instruction has been awarding fees varying from 20 to 150 francs to those teachers who have distinguished themselves most. The curriculae of these supplementary classes include, in addition to the subjects taught in the primary schools, also practical agriculture, viticulture, sericiculture, apiculture, fructiculture, and, for girls, dressmaking, bringing up of children, singing, and house work.

Qualifications of Teachers.—Persons

aspiring to become teachers in a primary school must fulfil the following

conditions :

1.            They

must be Bulgarian subjects.

2.            They

must have graduated at a pedagogical school.

3.            They

must be more than seventeen years old.

4.            They

must be of good morals and be free from physical defects.

5.            They

must have passed successfully the State examination

admitting them to the career. Article 62 of

the law admits persons who have graduated a gymnasium or other secondary school

to compete for the post of teacher, if they fulfil the other conditions. This

departure from the prescriptions of Article 58: was rendered necessary owing to

the number of young men who have graduated in pedagogical schools not being

sufficient to fill the vacancies caused by the multiplication of schools or by

the retirement of old teachers.

The State examination for admission

The State examination for admission to the

post of teacher comprises an oral and a written examination. This latter

consists of two themes, one bearing on pedagogics in general and the other

doling with educational methods. In appraising the merits of the first of these

papers, special attention is paid to the treatment of the subject, and to the

style. No one is admitted to the oral examination unless he has obtained a

satisfactory mark in the written test. The oral examination is both theoretical

and practical, this latter consisting of two lessons given before the pupils of

a special division which is attached to the pedagogical schools.

Frozen Bosphorus

Curious Eyes

The next day, it’s reported that the wind changed direction and the ices move rather to the shores of Sile and this fact lightens the Bosphorus. After that the ices quit the Bosphorus and it stops snowing, such news cover much lesser place in the newspapers. After the flow of ices, on the first Sunday when a mild weather is felt, the inhabitants of Istanbul rush to the Bosphorus. “Gece Postasi” reports the news as follows:’’

The inhabitanst of Istanbul watch the flow of ices covering the Bosphorus at various points and they take photos together with their families. Some tricksters trying to take advantage of this event took possession of some ice fields and they ask for money from people taking photos there.”

The Bosphorus lightened due to the nice weather and the change in the wind direction is again invaded by the ices some days after. The maritime transportation is halted. The newspaper ”Istanbul Ekspres” dated March 2, based on the wireless communication of a ship with Roumanian flag, reports that much bigger ice fields arrive towards the Bosphorus. Much fewer news showing the difficulties in winter 1954 appear in the newspapers. We don’t know whether it’s because less ices are seen or the news loses its significance but the last news is reported by the newspaper “AkSam” dated March 5.

“The space between Buyukdere and Kavaklar on the Rumeli and Anatolian shores of the Bosphorus is entirely covered by ice.”

Effects To The Daily Life

Following the freezing cold, snowstorm, storm and heavy snow lasting 10 – 15 days, the Bosphorus is frozen and Istanbul covered in white looks like the North European countries. Compared to the actual cold weathers, the winter 1954 looks much more like the Siberian winter. Cemalettin Bildik writes the following about the ices blocking the Bosphorus in the newspaper “Aksam” dated February 28.1954: “After 1929.

The ice fields arriving from the Danube and other rivers obstructed once again the Black Sea Straits and one can go on foot from the Garipler Village on the Rumeli side to the Poyraz Village on the Anatolian side.” This is the most important event of the winter 1954. It’s even much more important that the shortage of coal and wood and the price of leek jumped to 75 kuruS (piaster) and the price of spinach jumped to 140kuruS.

No matter how quick is the governor in uniting both sides of the Bosphours, the heavy winter managed to make people walk on the Bosphorus and thus, the real problem of food has been forgotten. Not only the private cars but also low-income people coming by bus or dolmus? crowded the Bosphorus to contemplate the ice fields.

Don’t Wake The Moon Up

Yesterday me too, I went to Yenimahalle to see people who contemplate the ice fields. The trip to the Bosphorus in heavy winter recalls the trips made in spring and summer but there is a big difference… Where are ladies in their sleeveless dresses making promenade on the shore… Ladies with shorts… Where are those jumping into the sea from the shores…

We meet some familiar faces but they wear now warm clothes and overcoats. While contemplating this landscape, don’t know why but the Moda Bay comes to my mind. The voice of the master Munir Nurettin Selcuk rings in my ears.’’Aheste gek kurekleri, mehtap uyanmasin” (Row slowly, so that the moon doesn’t wake up)… Which moon, master?… Let’s come and look at this state of the Bosphorus and imagine the Moda Bay. Even if the boatman rows slowly, where can he go among these ice fields… Let alone the rowboat, the ship doesn’t sail.”

Source: https://sofia.istanbulgaria.info/bosphorus-frozen-1954/

Europe remained in ignorance

For a long while, Europe remained in ignorance of the fate of Christians under the Ottoman yoke. Distracted by bloody wars, she scarcely noticed their slavery for centuries. And yet, the history of the Christians under Turkish rule in the Middle Ages is of the greatest interest. Had the rulers been of the same race and religion as the vanquished, the subjection might have been more tolerable.

Ottoman domination was not, however, a simple political domination. Ottoman tyranny was social as well as political. It was keenly and painfully felt in private as well as in public life; in social liberty, manners and morals; in the free development of national feeling; in short, in the whole scope of human life. According to our present notions, political domination does not infringe upon personal liberty, which is sacred for the conqueror. This is not the case with Turkish rule.

The Bulgarians, like the other Christians of the Balkan peninsula, were, both collectively and individually, slaves. The life, possessions, and honour of private individuals were in constant peril. The bulk of the people, after several generations, calmed down to passivity and inertia. From time to time the more vigorous element, the strongest individualities, protested. Some Bulgarian whose sister had been carried off to the harem of some pacha would take to the mountains and make war on the oppressors. The haidukes and voivodes, celebrated in the national songs, kept up in mountain fastnesses that spirit of liberty which later was to serve as a cement to unite the new Bulgarian nation.

A noteworthy fact that the Osmanlis

But it is a noteworthy fact that the Osmanlis, being themselves but little civilised, did not attempt to assimilate the Bulgarians in the sense in which civilised nations try to effect the intellectual and ethnic assimilation of a subject race. Except in isolated cases, where Bulgarian girls or young men were carried off and forced to adopt Mohammedanism, the government never took any general measures to impose Mohammedanism or assimilate the Bulgarians to the Moslems.

The Turks prided themselves on keeping apart from the Bulgarians, and this was fortunate for our nationality. Contented with their political supremacy and pleased to feel themselves masters, the Turks did not trouble about the spiritual life of the ray as, except to try to trample out all desires for independence. All these circumstances contributed to allow the Bulgarian people, crushed and ground down by the Turkish yoke, to concentrate and preserve its own inner spiritual life.

Indent City of Antiocheia in Pisidia

Yalvac Indent City of Antiocheia in Pisidia

Seeking the distinctive historical texture that underlies the county of Yalvac, we are led to the remains of the ancient city of Antiocheia in Pisidia.

The first buildings our eyes light upon seem to be strewn over the hillsides and among the ravines. The principal entrance to the city was located on its western side. The present form of the Western Gate, the guardian of the city’s security, dates to 21 2 and is decorated with reliefs of weapons and armor.

From there we stroll along the street called Cardo Maximus and make a sentimental visit to the abodes of the city’s erstwhile owners. Who knows whose house we may end up in as we ply these narrow, straight streets? The old town had two forums, that of Augustus and that of Tiberius. Located on the eastern side of the city, they were the focal-points of its life. Even the first workers’ strike in the world was taken at the Forum of Tiberius in AD 46. As we walk along, from time to time we realize that we are treading.

With this pensive thought in our hearts, we reach the aqueduct, gracing the north side of the city like a necklace.

The magnificent fortifications that once encircled and sheltered the acropolis of Antiocheia measure about three thousand meters in length. These walls underwent expansion and repairs in Roman and Byzantine times. Who knows how many sentries guarding these walls gazed dreamily upon the magnificent view around him?

Goddess Kybele

The sacred precinct of the acropolis, the city’s highest point, contains a temple dedicated to Emperor Augustus. Originally a temple to the goddess Kybele was located here. It was replaced by a temple dedicated to the moon-god Men afterwards. Still later, an elaborately decorated Augustus temple, dedicated to the Emperor who established the first and biggest Roman colony in the area, was built on the site in the late 1st century BC. From the standpoint of both its architecture and its decoration, the Temple of Augustus is a unique example of its kind. In the early 5th century, the temple was converted into a Christian church.

As you take in the scene before you, the very air you breathe seems charged with the millennia-old mystical inspiration of goddesses, gods, and emperors.

Despite being located on a hill, Antiocheia has a well-organized city plan and a developed infrastructure.

1 st-century propylon or monumental gate is situated where the Augustus and Tiberius forums join. Over its central archway are reliefs of Genius with wings and Nike that are indescribably elegant in the artistry of their execution.

Forum of Tiberius

The Forum of Tiberius (which dates to AD 15-40) is located at the eastern terminus of a column-lined street that dates from the 1st century AD and was one of the most important parts of the city. Large quantities of glass, pottery, and bronze objects have been unearthed in the shops of its gallery. The city’s theater is built into the side of a hill near the downtown area.

Elaborately decorated, the theater consists of three main parts. Originally it had a seating capacity of 5,000, but this was later, in the Roman times, increased to 15,000. One very unusual feature of this theater is its tunnel which is 8 meters wide and 62.5 meters long. This is unique among the theaters of the ancient world. It was, also in this theater that St. Thecla was exposed to torture.

Large quantities of glass, pottery, and bronze objects have been unearthed in the shops of its gallery. The city’s theater is built into the side of a hill near the downtown area. Elaborately decorated, the theater consists of three main parts. Originally it had a seating capacity of 5,000, but this was later, in the Roman times, increased to 15,000. One very unusual feature of this theater is its tunnel which is 8 meters wide and 62.5 meters long. This is unique among the theaters of the ancient world. It was, also in this theater that St. Thecla was exposed to torture.

Nymphaeum

The city’s monumental fountain (nymphaeum) consists of two parts. The first is an elaborately decorated facade of columns that contained the fonts; the second is a large reservoir lying behind the facade in which water was stored. Scattered around the city are smaller fountains from which Antiocheia’s ice-cold water bubbled forth.

A public bath is located at the northwestern corner of the city. Dating back to AD 25, it is a typical example of Roman bath architecture with separate hot, cold, and cool sections, dressing- rooms, service areas, and places to store water and supplies. The city’s stadium stands to the west of the acropolis where the foothills of the Sultan Mountains begin. Built in the 3rd century BC, it measures 190 meters long and 30 meters wide.

The stadium apparently underwent much development during Roman times and in its heyday it was the scene of exciting sports events and competitions, thrilling races, and bloody gladiatorial combats sometimes between man and beast, and sometimes between man and man. All in all, the stadium is where the strong vanquished the weak and where humanity’s savage and martial instincts were catered to and allowed to run free and untrammeled.

Crown of Antiocheia

The jewel in the crown of Antiocheia that makes it a place of pilgrimage is the Church of St Paul, the city’s first Christian church and also its biggest. Located 200 meters south of the Roman baths, it was erected on the site of the synagogue in which Paul delivered his first sermon, as described in Acts 13, by the city’s grateful inhabitants and dedicated the church to him. The building has a typical basilica plan. Excavations at the site have revealed the existence of a smaller church that was built here before the present one. The church is the most impressive in appearance with its mosaic-tiled floor and wall of columns.

Beneath the smaller church, the remains of a synagogue can be identified. This indicates that there were at least three stages of construction on this site. The first was the synagogue, which was rather large in size. In the early 3rd century a small church was built on the spot. Sometime in the early 4th century, the church we see today was put up. Numerous graves and skeletal remains have been discovered within the church. The church’s floor is decorated with specially-designed mosaics. Among the inscriptions on the floor of building is a reference to an Orthodox church leader named Optimus, who is known to have been the bishop of Antiocheia in 375-381.

In 46, St Paul accompanied by St Barnabas delivered his first sermon in the synagogue which was later replaced by the church. The church quickly became a place of pilgrimage for the faithful and a setting in which many other saints were to deliver sermons of their own.

The existence of seven churches in the city indicates that it was a religious center.

The aqueduct, which has become a symbol for the whole ancient city, was built in Roman times. Extending along the northern side of the city, it brings water from a source located ten kilometers away. The aqueduct is amazingly well preserved, especially when one considers that it was built in the first century AD. Despite the passage of nearly two thousand years, this structure that supplied the ancient city with its beneficial water still stands proud and tall.

Source: https://bulgarian.marietaminkova.com/indent-city-antiocheia-pisidia/

Historical Continuity

Long live our proletarian and international solidarity!

Ali Nassar Mohamed, General Secretary of

the Central Committee of the Yemen Socialist Party, President of the Presidium

of the Supreme National Assembly and Prime Minister of the People’s Democratic

Republic of Yemen.

TO

HIS EXCELLENCY TODOR ZHIVKOV, PRESIDENT OF

THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

Dear Mr. President,

The celebration of the 1300th Anniversary

from the foundation of the Bulgarian state is an eulogy of values that as a

result of a process of historical continuity and an unique cultural identity,

maintained through the centuries, have created the Bulgarian nation. Therefore,

such a celebration is greatly important in the field of the international

coexistence.

In the course of these thirteen centuries,

the distinctive features and the internationalistic vocation that characterized

the Bulgarian state have been formed, and those are typical for its past, as

well as for its new and fruitful stage of social development.

Our nations that are similar in a number of

aspects, among other things in their original mixing of cultures, have their

roots from a long history of assimilation of nations and civilizations that

make the basis of identity, including the features of the East and the West.

Convulsive international system

The decisive necessity for reconstruction

of a convulsive international system finds its support in the historical strive

of nations like the Bulgarian and Mexican to define their participation in the

international life.

Mexico shares the joy of your people from

the celebration of the anniversary.

I am asking you, Mr. President, to accept

and convey to the government and the noble Bulgarian people the warmest

congratulations that I am entitled to express for the people and the government

of Mexico.

TO

HIS EXCELLENCY MR. TODOR ZHIVKOV, PRESIDENT

OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

On the occasion of the celebrations for the

1300th anniversary from the foundation of the Bulgarian state I extend to you

and the Bulgarian people most sincere congratulations and wishes for a peaceful

and happy future.

Karl Carstens, President of the Federal Republic of

Germany.

Relations between the Republic of Austria

and the People’s Republic of Bulgaria are inspired by mutual trust, filled with

friendly spirit and directed to a peacuful future.

Bulgarians documented idea

This is a wonderfully documented idea of the Bulgarians themselves of their ships, in which they sailed and traded across seas and rivers.

The reconstruction of the Bulgarian state after its temporary dependence on Byzantium by the brothers Tsar Petar (1185 1197) and Tsar Assen (1186 1195/6). And its stabilization under the rule of Tsar Kaloyan (1196 1207) reach their peak at the time of Tsar Yoan Assen II (1218 1241) when Bulgaria was bordered by three seas   the Black, the Aegean and the Adriatic.

A French historian wrote about Yoan Assen II:

“…Assen built 25 (twenty five) galleys… war ships, which appeared in the Black Sea on the Bulgarian side…”

The reason of above was the participation of the Bulgarian fleet, together with the Greek one, in the battle of Constantinople in 1235. These and other ships were made at a big yard at the estuary of Kamchya River, i.e. near the east part of the Balkan Range, which is extremely rich in timber (oak wood) for shipbuilding.

Independent Bulgarian ruler

In the second half of the 14th century, the independent Bulgarian ruler in the northeast, Despot Dobrotitsa, whose name has been given to the region (called Dobrudzha even today), carried out a very active maritime policy. His capital was Kaliakra   an excellent base and an “admiralty” fortress harbor.

In 1367, the Black Sea fortress harbors of Kavama, Karvuna (Balchik), Kastritsi (north of Kranevo), Varna, Galata, Rosito, Vicha, Kozyak (near Obzor) and Emona were within the borders of his state. He was declared a Despot by Tsar Yoan Alexandar (1331 1371) in 1369 and obtained the Danube fort of Drustar. Dobrotitsa undertook a sea campaign to Trapezund (present Trabzon in Turkey) on the Black Sea with me the intention of enthroning his son in law there.

He minted his own coins on which the name of the capital, Kaliakra, was written. This powerful ruler was allied to the Venetians and carried out pirate attacks against the Genovese ships in the Black Sea. The Genoa archives are full of information on the pirate attacks of Dobrotitsa’s ships. As late as 1387 his son beneficial peace treaty for trade with Genoa. The Ottoman invasion, however, hampered the fast development of that powerful Bulgarian sea state.

There were more than twenty Bulgarian ports along Lower Danube in the 12th – 14th centuries   stretching from Florentin (near Vidin) down to the river delta. In that period, the most important were Bdin, Oryahovo, Nicopol and Holavnik on the opposite bank, Svishtov, Novgrad and Pirgos, Ruse, and Gyurgevo on the north bank, Tutrakan, Drustar and Ostrova.

Source: https://bulgaria.tourhints.info/bulgarians-documented-idea/

The People’s Republic of Kampuchea

The People’s Republic of Kampuchea will

advance decisively along the road of independence, peace, democracy and

nonaligne ment along the road of socialism, actively contributing in this way

to the preservation of the peace and stability in SouthEast Asia.

The Kampuchean people will continue to

develop their traditional solidarity with all fraternal socialist countries and

in particular with Viet Nam, the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of

Bulgaria.

Our people are delighted that the relations

of friendship, fraternal solidarity and cooperation between Kampuchea and

Bulgaria develop incessantly in the interest of both nations, to the benefit of

social progress, thus affirming the position of the two nations in the world.

Express our deep gratitude to Comrade

Finally I would like to express our deep

gratitude to Comrade Todor Zhivkov, for the invitation to take part in the

celebration of this festive jubilee. I would like to extend to him personally,

to the leaders of the Party and the State, to the entire Bulgarian people my

best wishes for health, fiery energy and full success in the further

construction of developed socialism in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria,

carrying into effect the decisions of the Twelfth Congress of the Bulgarian

Communist Party.

The People’s Republic of Kampuchea and the

People’s Republic of Bulgaria will march always together along the road of the

victorious MarxismLeninism.

Long live the friendship, the militant

solidarity and the cooperation between the parties, the governments and the

peoples of Kampuchea and Bulgaria.

Pen Sovan, Secretary General of the

People’s Revolutionary Party of Kampuchea and Chairman of the Council of

Ministers.

TO

TODOR ZHIVKOV, SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE

CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE BULGARIAN COMMUNIST PARTY AND CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE

COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA, GRISHA FILIPOV, CHAIRMAN OF THE

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA, STANKO TODOROV

CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

On the occasion of the celebrations for the

1300th Anniversary from the foundation of the Bulgarian State, we are sending

you comrade, and through you to all the brotherly Bulgarian people affectionate

greetings and good wishes.

13 centuries the Bulgarian people

For the past 13 centuries the Bulgarian

people overcame a road filled with abstacles and different hardships, a road of

heroic and continuous battles gave countless cherished victims for the

strengthening and progress of its fatherland. Thanks to the continuous work and

selfdenying the Bulgarian people reached a considerable succes in its economic

and cultural developement, contributing in the history of the Balkans and

Europe.

The Outcasts of Poker Flat

The road to Sandy Bar a camp that, not having as yet experienced the regenerating influences of Poker Flat, consequently seemed to offer some invitation to the emigrants lay over a steep mountain range. It was distant a day’s severe travel. In that advanced season the party soon passed out of the moist, temperate regions of the foothills into the dry, cold, bracing air of the Sierras. The trail was narrow and difficult. At nodn the Duchess, rolling out of her saddle upon the ground, declared her intention of going no farther, and the party halted.

Mr Oakhurst

The spot was singularly wild and impressive. A wooded amphitheater surrounded on three sides by precipitous cliffs of naked granite, sloped gently toward the crest of another precipice that overlooked the valley. It was, undoubtedly, the most suitable spot for a camp, had camping been advisable. But Mr. Oakhurst knew that scarcely half the journey to Sandy Bar was accomplished, and the party were not equipped or provisioned for delay.

This fact he pointed out to his companions curtly, with a philosophic commentary on the folly of “throwing up their hand before the game was played out.” But they were furnished with liquor, which in this emergency stood them in place of food, fuel, rest and prescience. In spite of his remonstrances, it was not long before they were more or less under its influence. Uncle Billy passed rapidly from a bellicose state into one of stupor, the Duchess became maudlin, and Mother Shipton snored. Mr. Oakhurst alone remained erect, leaning against a rock, calmly surveying’ them.

Mr. Oakhurst did not drink. It interfered with a profession which required coolness, impassiveness, and presence of mind, and, in his own language, he “couldn’t afford it.” As he gazed at his recumbent fellow exiles, the loneliness begotten of his pariah trade, his habits of life, his very vices, for the first time seriously oppressed him. He bestirred him-self in dusting his black clothes, washing his hands and face, and other acts characteristic of his studiously neat habits, and for a moment forgot his annoyance.

The thought of deserting his weaker and more pitiable companions never perhaps occurred to him. Yet he could not help feeling the want of that excitement which, singularly enough, was most conducive to that calm equanimity for which he was notorious. He looked at the gloomy walls that rose a thousand feet sheer above the circling pines around him, at the sky ominously clouded, at the valley below, already deepening into shadow; and, doing so, suddenly he heard his own name called.

Source: https://sofia.istanbulgaria.info/the-outcasts-of-poker-flat-part-3/

Land of Civilizations

Bulgaria is not a big country on land. But

definitely it is a big country on culture history and culture.

Bulgaria occupies a territory of 111,000

square kilometres, has a population of 9 million and is situated in the heart

of the Balkan Peninsula. It is a country of roses, staunch revolutionaries,

famous singers and dancers. Its people are famous for their industriousness and

hospitality.

A land of Ancient Civilizations

The Bulgarian state was founded in the year

681. Bulgaria is not only one of the oldest European states, but also a land in

which man has appeared very early – some 150,000 years ago. Not far from the

city of Stara Zagora (beginning of the rose valley only 35 km away from

Kazanlak with the rose

festival), Central Bulgaria, the world’s oldest and biggest copper mines

have been discovered. They were exploited in the late 5th and early 4th

millennium B. C. Metal tools ensured a labor productivity which was 30 times

higher than that of stone tools, and their appearance brought about a veritable

revolution in the development of human society. Besides, favorable climatic

conditions made possible the comparatively early appearance of animal husbandry

and plant-growing, which enriched the diet and made surer the existence of

primitive man. Wheat was grown in the Balkans as early as the end of the 7th millennium

B. C. and it was from here that it was spread to the rest of Europe.

The good climatic and material conditions

determined the appearance on the territory of present-day Bulgaria of some of

the earliest civilizations in history. Recently a gold trove was unearthed near

the city of Varna, dating from the end of the 5th and early 4th millennium B.

C. It is a proof not only of a high level of development of the crafts but also

of an advanced stage of social stratification. The clay tablets with written

signs on them found near the town of Vratsa, North-western Bulgaria, date back to

approximately the same period.

The Thracians

The Thracians were the first population

inhabiting the territory of present-day Bulgaria, known to science. In the

works of the ancient Greek authors they are described as a numerous people, and

Thrace – as a land of abundance and merriment. Thrace was the native land of

the mythical musician Orpheus and of Spartacus, the leader of the slaves’

uprising which shook the Roman Empire early in our era. During the past few

decades Bulgarian archaeologists have unearthed imposing tombs with magnificent

frescoes, impregnable strongholds, workshops and exquisite gold jewels and

vessels.

After the 7th century B. C. a considerable

number of colonies of the Greek poleis (city-states) were founded along the

Thracian Black Sea coast. They started an animated trade and cultural exchange

with the hinterland, thus creating a second cultural layer on the present-day

Bulgarian territory – of another brilliant ancient civilization – that of the

Greeks.

The Disabled Soldier 5

“The boatswain found me, as he said, an obstinate fellow: he swore he knew that I understood my business well, but that I shammed Abraham, to be idle; but God knows, I knew nothing of sea-business, and he beat me without considering what he was about. I had still, however, my forty pounds, and that was some comfort to me under every beating; and the money I might have had to this day, but that our ship was taken by the French, and so I lost all.

“Our crew was carried into Brest, and many of them died, because they were not used to live in a jail; but for my part, it was nothing to me, for I was seasoned.One night, as I was asleep on the bed of boards, with a warm blanket about me, for I always loved to lie well, I was awakened by the boatswain, who had a dark lantern in his hand. ‘Jack,’ says he to me, ‘will you knock out the French sentry’s brains?’ ‘I don’t care,’ says I, striving to keep myself awake, ‘if I lend a hand.’ ‘Then, follow me,’ says he, ‘and I hope we shall do usiness.’ So up I got, and tied my blanket, which was all the clothes I had, about my middle, and went with him to fight the Frenchman. I hate the French, because they are all slaves, and wear wooden shoes.

“Though we had no arms, one Englishman is able to beat five French at any time; so we went down to the door where both the sentries were posted, and rushing upon them, seized their arms in a moment, and knocked them down. From thence nine of us ran together to the quay, and seizing the first boat we met, got out of the harbor and put to sea. We had not been here three days before we were taken up by the Dorset privateer, who were glad of so many good hands; and we consented to run our chance.

Pompadour privateer

However, we had not as much luck as we expected. In three days we fell in with the Pompadour privateer of forty guns, while we had but twenty-three, so to it we went, yard-arm and yard-arm. The fight lasted three hours, and I verily believe we should have taken the Frenchman, had we but had some more men left behind; but unfortunately we lost all our men just as we were going to get the victory. 

 “I was once more in the power of the French, and I believe it would have gone hard with me had I been brought back to Brest;
but by good fortune we were retaken by the Viper, I had almost forgotten to tell you that in that engagement I was wounded in two places; I lost four fingers off the left hand, and my leg was shot off.

If I had had the good fortune to have lost my leg and use of my hand on board a king s ship, and not aboard a privateer, I should have been entitled to clothing and maintenance during the rest of my life; but that was not my chance: one man is born with a silver spoon in his mouth, and another with a wooden ladle. However, blessed be God, I enjoy good health, and will forever love liberty and old England. Liberty, property, and old England, forever, huzza!”.

Thus saying, he limped off, leaving me in admiration at his intrepidity and content; nor could I avoid acknowledging that an habitual acquaintance with misery serves better than philosophy to teach us to despise it.

Source: https://bulgarian.marietaminkova.com/the-disabled-soldier-part-5/

Hellenic Intellect

The Phanariotes, gifted with the supple Hellenic intellect, offered themselves as middle-men between the Turks and the subject Rayah populations. Then, as now, the Turks, when their fanaticism was not ablaze, disliked the trouble of administration, and were content to let their Giaour subjects alone as long as they paid tribute to the Ottoman Treasury, provided soldiers for the Ottoman armies, and contributed to the private wants of the Pashas and their harems.

A sort of tacit understanding was established, by which the Greeks of the Phanar farmed the revenues of the Christian provinces of Turkey, and notably of Bulgaria. Probably the Phanariotes were not altogether so corrupt and so degraded as they were considered by their co-religionists. But they unquestionably displayed all the vices which, from the days of Juvenal, have characterized the Hellenic race, when in subjection to races of weaker intellect, but stronger will than their own.

They were content to do the dirty work, which the Turks required doing, and were too indolent and too proud to do for themselves. One of the many sources of revenue, out of which the Phanariotes filled the Turkish Treasury, while at the same time levying toll for their own use, consisted in the sale of all the lucrative posts in the Bulgarian Church. For nearly five hundred years every piece of important preferment amidst the Bulgarian clergy, from the Patriarchate downwards, was put up to auction.

As soon as the successful purchaser had enjoyed what the vendors considered a reasonable time in which to recoup himself for his purchase money, he was deposed by the Porte at the instance of the Phanar; and his place was again put up for auction. In the course of four centuries there are said to have been one hundred and forty Patriarchs of Bulgaria, so that the average tenure of the Patriarchal office did not amount to three years in duration.

Priests of low character

The Church was thus served by priests of low character, men of disreputable if not infamous lives, who were at once servile and venal, and who—the worst offence of all in Bulgarian eyes—were, as a rule, of foreign race, I cannot learn that this scandalous state of things materially affected the attachment of the Bulgarians to their national creed Here, as in all Sclav countries, religion is a matter rather of ritual than of dogma ; and so long as a priest is competent to administer the sacraments and perform the required services, the personal respect or disrespect in which he may be held in his individual capacity hardly counts for anything in regard to his spiritual authority.

The popular objection to the Phanariote clergy was not so much that they were wine-bibbers, loose livers, and a disgrace to their cloth, as that they were foreigners, the nominees and representatives of an alien and detested rule. The intensity of this dislike to a foreign priesthood was accelerated by the revival of the sentiment of nationality, which in Bulgaria, as elsewhere in Turkey, coincided with the decline of the Ottoman power. The earlier portion of the present century witnessed the birth of a national Bulgarian party; and the first efforts of this party were directed to removing the patronage of the Bulgarian Church from the hands of the Patriarch of Constantinople, who, up to that , time, had been a mere creature of the Porte.

Appointed by Bulgarian Government

The judges are functionaries of the State. They are appointed by the Government, paid by the Government, and may be removed by the Government. In every commune, however small, there is a judge who forms an ex officio member of the Communal Council, elected by the in-habitants. These communal judges have very limited juris-diction. They have no power to inflict personal punishment in criminal cases; all they can do is to impose a fine, not exceeding sixteen shillings in amount, for a breach of the law; and in civil cases they only possess the right of summary jurisdiction when the amount at issue does not exceed £2. Their sentences have to be submitted to the approval of the district judges of the district in which the commune is situated.

These district judges hold office on the same tenure as the communal judges, but their jurisdiction is more extensive. They can impose fines to the extent of £2, and can decide suits concerning sums not exceeding £4; they may also try charges of theft, not aggravated by violence. Next in the legal hierarchy come the judges of First Instance, who hold courts in the chef lieux of every province. They have authority to adjudicate in all civil and criminal cases, but their decision may be referred to the Courts of Appeal, of which there are four in Bulgaria; and from these courts there lies a reference to the Supreme Court of Appeal at Sofia.

Opinion of the Government

Trial by jury is still amidst the reforms of the future. In the opinion of the Government, the country is not yet ripe for its institution. The present generation of adult peasants have had little or no education; and their ideas of justice are formed on what may be called the Cadi principle. When a new generation comes to the front, which has been educated at the national schools, and which has learned discipline in the national army, the peasants, it is thought, may become fit to act as jurymen ; but as things are, the estimation in which a Bulgarian prisoner might hold, whether for good or bad, in the opinion of his fellowtownsmen, would have much more to do with his conviction or acquittal, than the strength of the evidence connecting him with the perpetration of the particular crime of which he stood accused.

In the Courts of First Instance, however, a system has been of late years introduced, which possesses some of the advantages of trial by jury. In all criminal cases of a serious character, a certain number of towns-peoplemen, as a rule, of some education and local standingare appointed to sit with the judges and to hear the evidence adduced for or against the prisoner.

When the case is concluded, the verdict is given by the judges and assessors in conjunction, the vote of the majority deciding the question of guilt or innocence. With the giving of the verdict of “ Guilty ” or ” Not guilty,” the functions of the assessors are at an end; and the question of the punishment to be inflicted, in the event of conviction, is left to the sole arbitrament of the judges. Thus, in cases where political bias may be supposed to enter, the prisoner has the advantage of being tried before a tribunal composed of private citizens as well as of functionaries of the Government townsmen, would have much more to do with his conviction or acquittal, than the strength of the evidence connecting him with the perpetration of the particular crime of which he stood accused. In the Courts of First Instance, however, a system has been of late years introduced, which possesses some of the advantages of trial by jury. In all criminal cases of a serious character, a certain number of towns-people—men, as a rule, of some education and local standing—are appointed to sit with the judges and to hear the evidence adduced for or against the prisoner.

When the case is concluded, the verdict is given by the judges and assessors in conjunction, the vote of the majority deciding the question of guilt or innocence. With the giving of the verdict of “ Guilty ” or ” Not guilty,” the functions of the assessors are at an end; and the question of the punishment to be inflicted, in the event of conviction, is left to the sole arbitrament of the judges. Thus, in cases where political bias may be supposed to enter, the prisoner has the advantage of being tried before a tribunal composed of private citizens as well as of functionaries of the Government

Bulgarian conquered Philipi

Kan Presian confirmed reaching the Aegean Sea to the south. In 837, the Bulgarian ruler conquered Philipi, which lay above the sea. Simeon the Great (893 927) maintained deliberately the actions in the southeast Black Sea direction. Right after his enthronement, in 894, during the First War against Byzantium, he took the Black Sea towns to the south of the Balkan Range. In 904, the border with the

Byzantines was marked by the Black Sea fortress port of Midia (the ancient Salmidesos) on the south slopes of Mount Strandzha, which was then taken by the Bulgarian Tsar. In fact, it is worth mentioning that it was the last strong fortress and the last safe port for ships along the whole Black Sea coastal line to the south all the 1 way to the Bosporus.

However, to the south    west, Simeon carried out a focused policy me of dominating important ports, starting in 896 and continuing for a number of years. He captured over 30 towns and forts on the Adriatic coast. Thus, Bulgaria obtained a new sea opening to the west on the Adriatic. In 904, Simeon could not take Salonika (Thessaloniki). The border with Byzantium was only 20 kilometers to the north of the town.

According to experts on ships and shipbuilding, the Bulgarians built special transport and military vessels with oars and sails, which were capable of sailing in both rivers and seas. They did not run very deep but had good seaworthiness. The ships were reinforced with boards. This fact indicates that the Bulgarian masters were very familiar with the method of shipbuilding by making a skeleton and covering it with boards, typical of the epoch.

Yoan Exarch Bulgarian

The great translator and writer of the 10th century, Yoan Exarch Bulgarian, describes the Bulgarians’ knowledge and skills in shipbuilding excellently in his Hexaemeron:

“The sea unites all that is distant, which sails in it; it comes and even if it is not so close it takes it away in the distance. For those who have nothing, it makes it possible for everything to be common. What is grown in foreign lands, be it wheat or fruits, or gold, or silver, or clothes, or something else, it can, by navigating, take it to the ones in need…

Without wood [it is out of the question], we bake bread, boil cereals and make ships of it; with them we sail the rivers and the great sea space. We buy what we need and we give it to those who need it at a flat price.”

Source: https://www.doholiday.com/bulgarian-conquered-philipi/